Browse Table of Contents New in this Archive Chronological Archives Table of Contents New in this Archive About Editorial Information About the SEP Editorial Board How to Cite the SEP Special Characters Contact Editorial Information Editorial Board How to Cite the SEP Special Characters Support SEP Support the SEP PDFs for SEP Friends Make a Donation SEPIA for Libraries Support the SEP PDFs for SEP Friends Make a Donation SEPIA for Libraries A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z abduction (Igor Douven) Abelard [Abailard], Peter (Peter King) Abhidharma (Noa Ronkin) abilities (John Maier) Abner of Burgos (Shalom Sadik) Abrabanel, Judah (Aaron Hughes) abstract objects (Gideon Rosen) accidental properties — see essential vs. accidental properties action (George Wilson and Samuel Shpall) joint — see agency: shared logic of — see logic: action joint — see agency: shared logic of — see logic: action action at a distance — see quantum mechanics: action at a distance in actualism (Christopher Menzel) adaptationism (Steven Hecht Orzack and Patrick Forber) Addams, Jane (Maurice Hamington) Adorno, Theodor W. (Lambert Zuidervaart) advance directives (Agnieszka Jaworska) Aegidius Romanus — see Giles of Rome Aenesidemus — see skepticism: ancient aesthetic, concept of the (James Shelley) aesthetics aesthetic judgment (Nick Zangwill) Beardsley — see Beardsley, Monroe C.: aesthetics British, in the 18th century (James Shelley) Collingwood — see Collingwood, Robin George: aesthetics Croce — see Croce, Benedetto: aesthetics definition of art — see art, definition of Dewey — see Dewey, John: aesthetics environmental (Allen Carlson) existentialist (Jean-Philippe Deranty) feminist — see feminist (interventions): aesthetics French, in the 18th century (Jacques Morizot) Gadamer — see Gadamer, Hans-Georg: aesthetics German, in the 18th century (Paul Guyer) Goodman — see Goodman, Nelson: aesthetics Hegel — see Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: aesthetics Heidegger — see Heidegger, Martin: aesthetics Hume — see Hume, David: aesthetics Japanese — see Japanese Philosophy: aesthetics Plato — see Plato: aesthetics Schopenhauer — see Schopenhauer, Arthur: aesthetics Wittgenstein — see Wittgenstein, Ludwig: aesthetics aesthetic judgment (Nick Zangwill) Beardsley — see Beardsley, Monroe C.: aesthetics British, in the 18th century (James Shelley) Collingwood — see Collingwood, Robin George: aesthetics Croce — see Croce, Benedetto: aesthetics definition of art — see art, definition of Dewey — see Dewey, John: aesthetics environmental (Allen Carlson) existentialist (Jean-Philippe Deranty) feminist — see feminist (interventions): aesthetics French, in the 18th century (Jacques Morizot) Gadamer — see Gadamer, Hans-Georg: aesthetics German, in the 18th century (Paul Guyer) Goodman — see Goodman, Nelson: aesthetics Hegel — see Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: aesthetics Heidegger — see Heidegger, Martin: aesthetics Hume — see Hume, David: aesthetics Japanese — see Japanese Philosophy: aesthetics Plato — see Plato: aesthetics Schopenhauer — see Schopenhauer, Arthur: aesthetics Wittgenstein — see Wittgenstein, Ludwig: aesthetics affirmative action (Robert Fullinwider) Africana Philosophy (Lucius T. Outlaw Jr.) African Philosophy ethics (Kwame Gyekye) sage philosophy (Dismas Masolo) ethics (Kwame Gyekye) sage philosophy (Dismas Masolo) afterlife (William Hasker and Charles Taliaferro) agency shared (Abraham Sesshu Roth) shared (Abraham Sesshu Roth) agent-relative vs. agent-neutral reasons — see reasons for action: agent-neutral vs. agent-relative agnosticism — see atheism and agnosticism Agrippa — see skepticism: ancient Agrippa von Nettesheim, Heinrich Cornelius (Charles Nauert) Akan Philosophy of the person (Ajume Wingo) of the person (Ajume Wingo) akrasia — see weakness of will Al-Ghazali (Frank Griffel) Al-Kindi (Peter Adamson) Albert of Saxony (Joél Biard) Albert the Great [= Albertus magnus] (Markus Führer) Albo, Joseph (Dror Ehrlich) Alcmaeon (Carl Huffman) Alexander, Samuel (Emily A. E. Thomas) Alexander of Aphrodisias (Dorothea Frede) algebra (Vaughan Pratt) algebra of logic tradition (Stanley Burris and Javier Legris) Althusser, Louis (William Lewis) altruism biological (Samir Okasha) biological (Samir Okasha) Alyngton, Robert (Alessandro Conti) ambiguity (Adam Sennet) Ammonius (David Blank) Ammonius Saccas — see Plotinus analogy medieval theories of (E. Jennifer Ashworth) medieval theories of (E. Jennifer Ashworth) analogy and analogical reasoning (Paul Bartha) analysis (Michael Beaney) analytic/synthetic distinction (Georges Rey) anaphora (Jeffrey C. King) Anaxagoras (Patricia Curd) Anaxarchus — see Pyrrho Anderson, John (Creagh McLean Cole) Andronicus of Rhodes — see Aristotle, commentators on animal consciousness — see consciousness: animal animalism (Stephan Blatti) animals, moral status of (Lori Gruen) anomalous monism (Steven Yalowitz) Anscombe, Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret (Julia Driver) Anselm, Saint [Anselm of Bec, Anselm of Canterbury] (Thomas Williams) anti-realism, moral — see moral anti-realism Antiochus of Ascalon (James Allen) a posteriori knowledge — see a priori justification and knowledge appearance vs. reality epistemological problems of perception — see perception: epistemological problems of skepticism — see skepticism epistemological problems of perception — see perception: epistemological problems of skepticism — see skepticism a priori justification and knowledge (Bruce Russell) Aquinas, Saint Thomas (Ralph McInerny and John O'Callaghan) moral, political, and legal philosophy (John Finnis) moral, political, and legal philosophy (John Finnis) Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, disciplines in metaphysics (Amos Bertolacci) natural philosophy and natural science (Jon McGinnis) philosophy of language and logic (Tony Street) psychology and philosophy of mind (Alfred Ivry) metaphysics (Amos Bertolacci) natural philosophy and natural science (Jon McGinnis) philosophy of language and logic (Tony Street) psychology and philosophy of mind (Alfred Ivry) Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, historical and methodological topics in Greek sources (Cristina D'Ancona) influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on Judaic thought (Mauro Zonta) influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on the Latin West (Dag Nikolaus Hasse) Greek sources (Cristina D'Ancona) influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on Judaic thought (Mauro Zonta) influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on the Latin West (Dag Nikolaus Hasse) Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, special topics in Ibn Kammuna — see Ibn Kammuna Ikhwân al-Safâ’ — see Ikhwân al-Safâ’ mysticism (Mehdi Aminrazavi) Ibn Kammuna — see Ibn Kammuna Ikhwân al-Safâ’ — see Ikhwân al-Safâ’ mysticism (Mehdi Aminrazavi) Arcesilaus (Charles Brittain) Archytas (Carl Huffman) Arendt, Hannah (Maurizio Passerin d'Entreves) arete — see ethics: ancient arguments for probabilism epistemic utility — see epistemic utility arguments for probabilism epistemic utility — see epistemic utility arguments for probabilism Aristotelianism commentators on Aristotle — see Aristotle, commentators on in the Renaissance (Heinrich Kuhn) commentators on Aristotle — see Aristotle, commentators on in the Renaissance (Heinrich Kuhn) Aristotle (Christopher Shields) Aristotle, commentators on (Andrea Falcon) Alexander of Aphrosias — see Alexander of Aphrodisias Ammonius — see Ammonius David — see David Elias — see Elias Olympiodorus — see Olympiodorus Philoponus — see Philoponus Alexander of Aphrosias — see Alexander of Aphrodisias Ammonius — see Ammonius David — see David Elias — see Elias Olympiodorus — see Olympiodorus Philoponus — see Philoponus Aristotle, General Topics biology (James Lennox) categories (Paul Studtmann) ethics (Richard Kraut) logic (Robin Smith) metaphysics (S. Marc Cohen) political theory (Fred Miller) psychology (Christopher Shields) rhetoric (Christof Rapp) biology (James Lennox) categories (Paul Studtmann) ethics (Richard Kraut) logic (Robin Smith) metaphysics (S. Marc Cohen) political theory (Fred Miller) psychology (Christopher Shields) rhetoric (Christof Rapp) Aristotle, Special Topics causality (Andrea Falcon) mathematics (Henry Mendell) natural philosophy (Istvan Bodnar) on non-contradiction (Paula Gottlieb) causality (Andrea Falcon) mathematics (Henry Mendell) natural philosophy (Istvan Bodnar) on non-contradiction (Paula Gottlieb) Arnauld, Antoine (Elmar Kremer) Arouet, François-Marie — see Voltaire Arrow's theorem (Michael Morreau) art erotic (Hans Maes) erotic (Hans Maes) art, conceptual (Elisabeth Schellekens) art, definition of (Thomas Adajian) artifact (Risto Hilpinen) artificial intelligence automated reasoning — see reasoning: automated belief representation — see belief, formal representations of Chinese room argument — see Chinese room argument connectionism — see connectionism defeasible reasoning — see reasoning: defeasible frame problem — see frame problem logic and (Richmond Thomason) Turing test — see Turing test automated reasoning — see reasoning: automated belief representation — see belief, formal representations of Chinese room argument — see Chinese room argument connectionism — see connectionism defeasible reasoning — see reasoning: defeasible frame problem — see frame problem logic and (Richmond Thomason) Turing test — see Turing test aspect — see tense and aspect assertion (Peter Pagin) associationist theories of thought (Eric Mandelbaum) Astell, Mary (Alice Sowaal) atheism and agnosticism (J. J. C. Smart) atomism 17th to 20th century (Alan Chalmers) ancient (Sylvia Berryman) 17th to 20th century (Alan Chalmers) ancient (Sylvia Berryman) attention (Christopher Mole) attributes — see properties auditory perception — see perception: auditory Augustine, Saint (Michael Mendelson) Auriol [Aureol, Aureoli], Peter (Russell L. Friedman) Austin, John (Brian Bix) Austin, John Langshaw (Guy Longworth) authenticity (Somogy Varga and Charles Guignon) authority (Tom Christiano) legal — see legal obligation and authority legal — see legal obligation and authority automated reasoning — see reasoning: automated autonomy and informed consent — see informed consent in moral and political philosophy (John Christman) personal (Sarah Buss) and informed consent — see informed consent in moral and political philosophy (John Christman) personal (Sarah Buss) Avicebron — see Ibn Gabirol, Solomon awareness, bodily — see bodily awareness Ayer, Alfred Jules (Graham Macdonald) B [jump to top] Bacon, Francis (Jürgen Klein) Bacon, Roger (Jeremiah Hackett) Bain, Alexander — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century basing relation, epistemic (Keith Allen Korcz) Baudrillard, Jean (Douglas Kellner) Bauer, Bruno (Douglas Moggach) Bayes' Theorem (James Joyce) Bayle, Pierre (Thomas M. Lennon and Michael Hickson) Beardsley, Monroe C. aesthetics (Michael Wreen) aesthetics (Michael Wreen) Beattie, James — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century beauty (Crispin Sartwell) Beauvoir, Simone de (Debra Bergoffen) behaviorism (George Graham) being — see existence being and becoming — see time in modern physics — see space and time: being and becoming in modern physics in modern physics — see space and time: being and becoming in modern physics belief (Eric Schwitzgebel) belief, ethics of (Andrew Chignell) belief, formal representations of (Franz Huber) Bell's Theorem (Abner Shimony) beneficence, principle of (Tom Beauchamp) Benjamin, Walter (Peter Osborne and Matthew Charles) Bentham, Jeremy (James E. Crimmins) Bergson, Henri (Leonard Lawlor and Valentine Moulard Leonard) Berkeley, George (Lisa Downing) Berlin, Isaiah (Joshua Cherniss and Henry Hardy) bias, implicit (Michael Brownstein) binarium famosissimum [= most famous pair] (Paul Vincent Spade) biodiversity — see ecology: biodiversity biological information — see information: biological biology conservation — see conservation biology developmental — see developmental biology experiment in (Marcel Weber) molecular — see molecular biology notion of individual (Robert A. Wilson and Matthew Barker) notion of self — see self: the biological notion of philosophy of (Paul Griffiths) reduction in — see reduction, scientific: in biology teleological notions in — see teleology: teleological notions in biology conservation — see conservation biology developmental — see developmental biology experiment in (Marcel Weber) molecular — see molecular biology notion of individual (Robert A. Wilson and Matthew Barker) notion of self — see self: the biological notion of philosophy of (Paul Griffiths) reduction in — see reduction, scientific: in biology teleological notions in — see teleology: teleological notions in biology biology, philosophy of feminist — see feminist (interventions): philosophy of biology feminist — see feminist (interventions): philosophy of biology Blair, Hugh — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century blame (Neal Tognazzini and D. Justin Coates) bodily awareness (Frédérique de Vignemont) Bodin, Jean (Mario Turchetti) body — see substance Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus (John Marenbon) Bohr, Niels correspondence principle (Alisa Bokulich) correspondence principle (Alisa Bokulich) Bolzano, Bernard (Edgar Morscher) logic (Jan Sebestik) logic (Jan Sebestik) Bonaventure, Saint (Tim Noone and R. E. Houser) Boole, George (Stanley Burris) Boolean algebra the mathematics of (J. Donald Monk) the mathematics of (J. Donald Monk) Bosanquet, Bernard (William Sweet) boundary (Achille Varzi) Boyle, Robert (J. J. MacIntosh and Peter Anstey) Bradley, Francis Herbert (Stewart Candlish and Pierfrancesco Basile) moral and political philosophy (David Crossley) moral and political philosophy (David Crossley) brain death — see death: definition of brains in a vat — see skepticism: and content externalism Brentano, Franz (Wolfgang Huemer) theory of judgement (Johannes Brandl) theory of judgement (Johannes Brandl) Broad, Charlie Dunbar (Kent Gustavsson) Brouwer, Luitzen Egbertus Jan (Mark van Atten) Brown, Thomas — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century Buber, Martin (Michael Zank and Zachary Braiterman) Buddha (Mark Siderits) Buddhism ethics in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism — see ethics: in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism mind in Indian Buddhist Philosophy — see mind: in Indian Buddhist Philosophy Zen — see Japanese Philosophy: Zen Buddhism ethics in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism — see ethics: in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism mind in Indian Buddhist Philosophy — see mind: in Indian Buddhist Philosophy Zen — see Japanese Philosophy: Zen Buddhism Buddhism: Chan — see Chinese Philosophy: Chan Buddhism Buddhism: Tiantai — see Chinese Philosophy: Tiantai Buddhism bundle theory — see substance Buridan, John [Jean] (Jack Zupko) Burke, Edmund (Ian Harris) Burley [Burleigh], Walter (Alessandro Conti) Burnet, James [Lord Monboddo] — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century Butler, Joseph moral philosophy (Aaron Garrett) moral philosophy (Aaron Garrett) Byzantine philosophy (Katerina Ierodiakonou and Börje Bydén) C [jump to top] Caird, Edward — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century Callicles — see Plato: Callicles and Thrasymachus Cambridge Platonists (Sarah Hutton) Campanella, Tommaso (Germana Ernst) Campbell, George — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century Camus, Albert (Ronald Aronson) capability approach (Ingrid Robeyns) Cardano, Girolamo [Geronimo] (Guido Giglioni) Carmichael, Gershom — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century Carneades (James Allen) Cassirer, Ernst (Michael Friedman) casuistry — see reasoning: moral categories (Amie Thomasson) medieval theories of (Jorge Gracia and Lloyd Newton) medieval theories of (Jorge Gracia and Lloyd Newton) category theory (Jean-Pierre Marquis) causal determinism — see determinism: causal causation backward (Jan Faye) causal processes (Phil Dowe) counterfactual theories of (Peter Menzies) in the law (Antony Honoré) and manipulability (James Woodward) medieval theories of (Graham White) mental — see mental causation the metaphysics of (Jonathan Schaffer) probabilistic (Christopher Hitchcock) backward (Jan Faye) causal processes (Phil Dowe) counterfactual theories of (Peter Menzies) in the law (Antony Honoré) and manipulability (James Woodward) medieval theories of (Graham White) mental — see mental causation the metaphysics of (Jonathan Schaffer) probabilistic (Christopher Hitchcock) Cavendish, Margaret Lucas (David Cunning) cellular automata (Francesco Berto and Jacopo Tagliabue) censorship — see pornography: and censorship certainty (Baron Reed) ceteris paribus laws — see laws of nature: ceteris paribus chance versus randomness (Antony Eagle) versus randomness (Antony Eagle) change and inconsistency (Chris Mortensen) and inconsistency (Chris Mortensen) chaos (Robert Bishop) character, moral (Marcia Homiak) Châtelet, Émilie du (Karen Detlefsen) Chatton, Walter (Rondo Keele) chemistry, philosophy of (Michael Weisberg, Paul Needham, and Robin Hendry) childhood, the philosophy of (Gareth Matthews and Amy Mullin) children, philosophy for (Michael Pritchard) Chile philosophy in (Ivan Jaksic) philosophy in (Ivan Jaksic) chimeras, human/non-human — see ethics, biomedical: chimeras, human/non-human Chinese ethics — see ethics: Chinese Chinese Philosophy Chan Buddhism (Peter Hershock) Chinese medicine (Lisa Raphals) epistemology (Jana Rošker) legalism in (Yuri Pines) metaphysics (Franklin Perkins) science (Lisa Raphals) Tiantai Buddhism (Brook Ziporyn) Chan Buddhism (Peter Hershock) Chinese medicine (Lisa Raphals) epistemology (Jana Rošker) legalism in (Yuri Pines) metaphysics (Franklin Perkins) science (Lisa Raphals) Tiantai Buddhism (Brook Ziporyn) Chinese room argument (David Cole) Chisholm, Roderick (Richard Feldman and Fred Feldman) choice, axiom of (John L. Bell) choice, dynamic (Chrisoula Andreou) choice, social — see social choice theory Christian theology, philosophy and (Michael Murray and Michael Rea) Chuang-tzu — see Zhuangzi Church-Turing Thesis (B. Jack Copeland) Church's Thesis — see Church-Turing Thesis citizenship (Dominique Leydet) Civic education (Jack Crittenden and Peter Levine) civic humanism (Athanasios Moulakis) civil disobedience (Kimberley Brownlee) civil rights (Andrew Altman) Clarke, Samuel (Timothy Yenter and Ezio Vailati) Clement of Alexandria — see doxography of ancient philosophy clinical research, ethics of — see ethics, biomedical: clinical research cloning (Katrien Devolder) Cockburn, Catharine Trotter (Patricia Sheridan) coercion (Scott Anderson) cognition embodied (Robert A. Wilson and Lucia Foglia) embodied (Robert A. Wilson and Lucia Foglia) cognition, animal (Kristin Andrews) cognitive disability and moral status (David Wasserman, Adrienne Asch, Jeffrey Blustein, and Daniel Putnam) cognitive science (Paul Thagard) cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism, moral (Mark van Roojen) Cohen, Hermann (Scott Edgar) Collingwood, Robin George (Giuseppina D'Oro and James Connelly) aesthetics (Gary Kemp) aesthetics (Gary Kemp) Collins, Anthony (William Uzgalis) colonialism (Margaret Kohn) color (Barry Maund) common knowledge (Peter Vanderschraaf and Giacomo Sillari) communitarianism (Daniel Bell) comparative philosophy Chinese and Western (David Wong) Chinese and Western (David Wong) compatibilism (Michael McKenna and D. Justin Coates) competence, in biomedical decision-making — see decision-making capacity complexity computability and — see computability and complexity computability and — see computability and complexity composition, the vagueness of — see many, problem of compositionality (Zoltán Gendler Szabó) computability and complexity (Neil Immerman) computation in physical systems (Gualtiero Piccinini) in physical systems (Gualtiero Piccinini) computational linguistics — see linguistics: computational computational theory of mind — see mind: computational theory of computer and information ethics (Terrell Bynum) computer science, philosophy of (Raymond Turner) computing modern history of (B. Jack Copeland) and moral responsibility (Merel Noorman) modern history of (B. Jack Copeland) and moral responsibility (Merel Noorman) Comte, Auguste (Michel Bourdeau) concepts (Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence) condemnation of 1277 (Hans Thijssen) Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de (Lorne Falkenstein) conditionals (Dorothy Edgington) logic of — see logic: conditionals logic of — see logic: conditionals Condorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de in the history of feminism (Joan Landes) in the history of feminism (Joan Landes) confirmation (Vincenzo Crupi) Confucius (Jeffrey Riegel) connectionism (James Garson) connectives sentence connectives in formal logic (Lloyd Humberstone) sentence connectives in formal logic (Lloyd Humberstone) conscience medieval theories of (Douglas Langston) medieval theories of (Douglas Langston) consciousness (Robert Van Gulick) animal (Colin Allen and Michael Trestman) higher-order theories (Peter Carruthers) and intentionality (Charles Siewert) representational theories of (William Lycan) seventeenth-century theories of (Larry M. Jorgensen) temporal (Barry Dainton) unity of (Andrew Brook and Paul Raymont) animal (Colin Allen and Michael Trestman) higher-order theories (Peter Carruthers) and intentionality (Charles Siewert) representational theories of (William Lycan) seventeenth-century theories of (Larry M. Jorgensen) temporal (Barry Dainton) unity of (Andrew Brook and Paul Raymont) consent — see political obligation consequence, medieval theories of (Catarina Dutilh Novaes) consequentialism (Walter Sinnott-Armstrong) rule (Brad Hooker) rule (Brad Hooker) conservation biology (Sahotra Sarkar) constitutionalism (Wil Waluchow) constructive empiricism (Bradley Monton and Chad Mohler) constructivism in metaethics (Carla Bagnoli) in metaethics (Carla Bagnoli) contextualism, epistemic (Patrick Rysiew) Continental Rationalism (Thomas M. Lennon and Shannon Dea) continuity and infinitesimals (John L. Bell) continuum hypothesis — see set theory: continuum hypothesis contractarianism (Ann Cudd) contractualism (Elizabeth Ashford and Tim Mulgan) contradiction (Laurence R. Horn) convention (Michael Rescorla) Conway, Lady Anne (Sarah Hutton) Cooper, Anna Julia (Kathryn T. Gines) Copernicus, Nicolaus (Sheila Rabin) Cordemoy, Géraud de (Fred Ablondi) corruption (Seumas Miller) cosmological argument (Bruce Reichenbach) cosmology methodological debates in the 1930s and 1940s (George Gale) and theology (Hans Halvorson and Helge Kragh) methodological debates in the 1930s and 1940s (George Gale) and theology (Hans Halvorson and Helge Kragh) cosmopolitanism (Pauline Kleingeld and Eric Brown) counterpart theory — see possible objects Crathorn, William (Aurélien Robert) creation and conservation (Jonathan Kvanvig and David Vander Laan) creationism (Michael Ruse) Crescas, Hasdai (Shalom Sadik) criminal law, theories of (Antony Duff) critical theory (James Bohman) Croce, Benedetto aesthetics (Gary Kemp) aesthetics (Gary Kemp) Crummell, Alexander (Stephen Thompson) Cudworth, Ralph — see Cambridge Platonists cultural evolution — see evolution: cultural culture and cognitive science (Jesse Prinz) and cognitive science (Jesse Prinz) Culverwell, Nathaniel — see Cambridge Platonists Curry's paradox (Jc Beall) Cusanus, Nicolaus [Nicolas of Cusa] (Clyde Lee Miller) D [jump to top] Damian, Peter (Toivo J. Holopainen) dance, philosophy of (Aili Bresnahan) Dante Alighieri (Winthrop Wetherbee) Daoism (Chad Hansen) Neo-Daoism — see Neo-Daoism Neo-Daoism — see Neo-Daoism Darwinism (James Lennox) Dasein — see Heidegger, Martin Daud, Abraham Ibn — see Ibn Daud, Abraham David (Christian Wildberg) Davidson, Donald (Jeff Malpas) death (Steven Luper) definition of (David DeGrazia) definition of (David DeGrazia) de Beauvoir, Simone — see Beauvoir, Simone de deception definition of — see lying and deception: definition of self — see self-deception definition of — see lying and deception: definition of self — see self-deception decision-making capacity (Louis C. Charland) decision theory causal (Paul Weirich) expected utility theories of rational choice — see rational choice, normative: expected utility causal (Paul Weirich) expected utility theories of rational choice — see rational choice, normative: expected utility Dedekind, Richard contributions to the foundations of mathematics (Erich Reck) contributions to the foundations of mathematics (Erich Reck) defaults in semantics and pragmatics (Katarzyna M. Jaszczolt) definitions (Anil Gupta) Deleuze, Gilles (Daniel Smith and John Protevi) Delmedigo, Elijah (Jacob Ross) delusion (Lisa Bortolotti) demarcation of science — see science: and pseudo-science democracy (Tom Christiano) global (Jonathan Kuyper) global (Jonathan Kuyper) Democritus (Sylvia Berryman) demonstration Aristotle's theory of — see Aristotle, General Topics: logic medieval theories of (John Longeway) Aristotle's theory of — see Aristotle, General Topics: logic medieval theories of (John Longeway) demonstratives — see indexicals denotation — see reference deontological ethics — see ethics: deontological dependence, ontological (Tuomas E. Tahko and E. Jonathan Lowe) Derrida, Jacques (Leonard Lawlor) Descartes, René (Gary Hatfield) epistemology (Lex Newman) ethics (Donald Rutherford) life and works (Kurt Smith) mathematics (Mary Domski) modal metaphysics (David Cunning) ontological argument (Lawrence Nolan) physics (Edward Slowik) and the pineal gland (Gert-Jan Lokhorst) theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of theory of ideas (Kurt Smith) epistemology (Lex Newman) ethics (Donald Rutherford) life and works (Kurt Smith) mathematics (Mary Domski) modal metaphysics (David Cunning) ontological argument (Lawrence Nolan) physics (Edward Slowik) and the pineal gland (Gert-Jan Lokhorst) theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of theory of ideas (Kurt Smith) descriptions (Peter Ludlow) desert (Owen McLeod) Desgabets, Robert (Patricia Easton) design, argument from — see teleology: teleological arguments for God's existence desire (Tim Schroeder) determinates vs. determinables (David H. Sanford) determinism causal (Carl Hoefer) causal (Carl Hoefer) developmental biology (Alan Love) epigenesis and preformationism (Jane Maienschein) epigenesis and preformationism (Jane Maienschein) Dewey, John aesthetics (Tom Leddy) moral philosophy (Elizabeth Anderson) political philosophy (Matthew Festenstein) aesthetics (Tom Leddy) moral philosophy (Elizabeth Anderson) political philosophy (Matthew Festenstein) Dharmakīrti (Tom Tillemans) diagrams (Sun-Joo Shin, Oliver Lemon, and John Mumma) Dialectical School (Susanne Bobzien) dialetheism (Graham Priest and Francesco Berto) Dietrich of Freiberg (Markus Führer) digital art, philosophy of (Katherine Thomson-Jones) Dilthey, Wilhelm (Rudolf Makkreel) Diodorus Cronus (David Sedley) Diogenes Laertius — see doxography of ancient philosophy Dionysius the Areopagite — see Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite dirty hands, the problem of (C.A.J. Coady) disability definitions, models, experience (David Wasserman, Adrienne Asch, Jeffrey Blustein, and Daniel Putnam) feminist perspectives on — see feminist (topics): perspectives on disability and justice (David Wasserman, Adrienne Asch, Jeffrey Blustein, and Daniel Putnam) definitions, models, experience (David Wasserman, Adrienne Asch, Jeffrey Blustein, and Daniel Putnam) feminist perspectives on — see feminist (topics): perspectives on disability and justice (David Wasserman, Adrienne Asch, Jeffrey Blustein, and Daniel Putnam) discourse representation theory (Bart Geurts and David I. Beaver) discrimination (Andrew Altman) disease — see health disjunction (Ray Jennings and Andrew Hartline) dispositions (Sungho Choi and Michael Fara) Dissoi Logoi — see Sophists, The distributive justice — see justice: distributive international — see justice: international distributive international — see justice: international distributive diversity religious — see religious diversity religious — see religious diversity divine command theory — see voluntarism, theological concepts of the — see God: concepts of foreknowledge and free will — see free will: divine foreknowledge and freedom — see freedom: divine illumination (Robert Pasnau) providence — see providence, divine simplicity — see simplicity: divine command theory — see voluntarism, theological concepts of the — see God: concepts of foreknowledge and free will — see free will: divine foreknowledge and freedom — see freedom: divine illumination (Robert Pasnau) providence — see providence, divine simplicity — see simplicity: divine doing vs. allowing harm (Frances Howard-Snyder) domestic partnership and marriage — see marriage and domestic partnership donation of human organs (Martin Wilkinson and Stephen Wilkinson) double effect, doctrine of (Alison McIntyre) Douglass, Frederick (Ronald Sundstrom) doxography of ancient philosophy (Jaap Mansfeld) dreams and dreaming (Jennifer M. Windt) dualism (Howard Robinson) Duhem, Pierre (Roger Ariew) Dunbar, James — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century Duns Scotus, John (Thomas Williams) Dutch book arguments (Susan Vineberg) dynamic semantics — see semantics: dynamic E [jump to top] Early Modern India, analytic philosophy in (Jonardon Ganeri) Eckhart, Meister — see Meister Eckhart ecology (Sahotra Sarkar) biodiversity (Daniel P. Faith) conservation biology — see conservation biology biodiversity (Daniel P. Faith) conservation biology — see conservation biology economics, philosophy of (Daniel M. Hausman) economics and economic justice (Marc Fleurbaey) education, philosophy of (D.C. Phillips and Harvey Siegel) Edwards, Jonathan (William Wainwright) egalitarianism (Richard Arneson) egoism (Robert Shaver) Ehrenfels, Christian von (Robin Rollinger and Carlo Ierna) Einstein, Albert the hole argument — see space and time: the hole argument philosophy of science (Don A. Howard) the hole argument — see space and time: the hole argument philosophy of science (Don A. Howard) Elias (Christian Wildberg) Elisabeth, Princess of Bohemia (Lisa Shapiro) emergent properties (Timothy O'Connor and Hong Yu Wong) Emerson, Ralph Waldo (Russell Goodman) emotion (Ronald de Sousa) 17th and 18th century theories of (Amy M. Schmitter) in the Christian tradition (Robert Roberts) 17th and 18th century theories of (Amy M. Schmitter) in the Christian tradition (Robert Roberts) empathy (Karsten Stueber) Empedocles (Richard Parry) empiricism — see rationalism vs. empiricism constructive — see constructive empiricism logical (Richard Creath) constructive — see constructive empiricism logical (Richard Creath) Enlightenment (William Bristow) entailment — see logical consequence entropy and information processing — see information processing: and thermodynamic entropy and information processing — see information processing: and thermodynamic entropy envy (Justin D'Arms) Epictetus (Margaret Graver) Epicurus (David Konstan) epiphenomenalism (William Robinson) episteme and techne [= scientific knowledge and expertise] (Richard Parry) epistemic basing relation — see basing relation, epistemic epistemic closure principle (Steven Luper) epistemic paradoxes (Roy Sorensen) epistemic utility arguments for probabilism (Richard Pettigrew) epistemology (Matthias Steup) Bayesian (William Talbott) contextualism in — see contextualism, epistemic evolutionary (Michael Bradie and William Harms) feminist — see feminist (interventions): epistemology and philosophy of science in classical Indian philosophy — see Indian Philosophy (Classical): epistemology moral — see moral epistemology naturalized (Richard Feldman) reliabilism — see reliabilism social (Alvin Goldman and Thomas Blanchard) social feminist — see feminist (interventions): social epistemology virtue (John Greco and John Turri) Bayesian (William Talbott) contextualism in — see contextualism, epistemic evolutionary (Michael Bradie and William Harms) feminist — see feminist (interventions): epistemology and philosophy of science in classical Indian philosophy — see Indian Philosophy (Classical): epistemology moral — see moral epistemology naturalized (Richard Feldman) reliabilism — see reliabilism social (Alvin Goldman and Thomas Blanchard) social feminist — see feminist (interventions): social epistemology virtue (John Greco and John Turri) epistemology, formal (Jonathan Weisberg) epsilon calculus (Jeremy Avigad and Richard Zach) equality (Stefan Gosepath) of opportunity (Richard Arneson) of opportunity (Richard Arneson) equivalence of mass and energy (Francisco Fernflores) Erasmus, Desiderius (Charles Nauert) ergodic hierarchy (Roman Frigg, Joseph Berkovitz, and Fred Kronz) Eriugena, John Scottus (Dermot Moran) essence, real — see Locke, John: on real essence essentialism — see essential vs. accidental properties essential vs. accidental properties (Teresa Robertson and Philip Atkins) eternity (Paul Helm) ethics ancient (Richard Parry) of belief — see belief, ethics of business (Alexei Marcoux) Chinese (David Wong) computer and information — see computer and information ethics deontological (Larry Alexander and Michael Moore) environmental (Andrew Brennan and Yeuk-Sze Lo) feminist — see feminist (interventions): ethics in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism (Charles Goodman) internet research (Elizabeth A. Buchanan and Michael Zimmer) natural law tradition (Mark Murphy) and personal identity — see personal identity: and ethics and social networking — see social networking and ethics utilitarian — see consequentialism virtue (Rosalind Hursthouse) ancient (Richard Parry) of belief — see belief, ethics of business (Alexei Marcoux) Chinese (David Wong) computer and information — see computer and information ethics deontological (Larry Alexander and Michael Moore) environmental (Andrew Brennan and Yeuk-Sze Lo) feminist — see feminist (interventions): ethics in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism (Charles Goodman) internet research (Elizabeth A. Buchanan and Michael Zimmer) natural law tradition (Mark Murphy) and personal identity — see personal identity: and ethics and social networking — see social networking and ethics utilitarian — see consequentialism virtue (Rosalind Hursthouse) ethics, African — see African Philosophy: ethics ethics, applied phenomenological approaches to ethics and information technology — see information technology: phenomenological approaches to ethics and phenomenological approaches to ethics and information technology — see information technology: phenomenological approaches to ethics and ethics, biomedical advance directives and substitute decision-making — see advance directives chimeras, human/non-human (Robert Streiffer) clinical research (David Wendler) cloning — see cloning decision-making capacity — see decision-making capacity disability — see disability: definitions, models, experience disease and health, concepts of — see health the donation of human organs — see donation of human organs human enhancement — see human enhancement informed consent — see informed consent justice, inequality, and health (Gopal Sreenivasan) justice and access to health care (Norman Daniels) pregnancy, birth, and medicine — see pregnancy, birth, and medicine privacy and medicine (Anita Allen) public health ethics — see public health: ethics the sale of human organs — see sale of human organs stem cell research (Andrew Siegel) theory (John Arras) advance directives and substitute decision-making — see advance directives chimeras, human/non-human (Robert Streiffer) clinical research (David Wendler) cloning — see cloning decision-making capacity — see decision-making capacity disability — see disability: definitions, models, experience disease and health, concepts of — see health the donation of human organs — see donation of human organs human enhancement — see human enhancement informed consent — see informed consent justice, inequality, and health (Gopal Sreenivasan) justice and access to health care (Norman Daniels) pregnancy, birth, and medicine — see pregnancy, birth, and medicine privacy and medicine (Anita Allen) public health ethics — see public health: ethics the sale of human organs — see sale of human organs stem cell research (Andrew Siegel) theory (John Arras) eudaimonia — see ethics: ancient eugenics (Sara Goering) euthanasia voluntary (Robert Young) voluntary (Robert Young) events (Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi) evidence (Thomas Kelly) scientific — see confirmation scientific — see confirmation evil concept of (Todd Calder) problem of (Michael Tooley) concept of (Todd Calder) problem of (Michael Tooley) evolution the concept of, to 1872 (Phillip Sloan) cultural (Tim Lewens) the concept of, to 1872 (Phillip Sloan) cultural (Tim Lewens) evolutionary ethics — see morality: and evolutionary biology evolutionary game theory — see game theory: evolutionary evolutionary psychology — see psychology: evolutionary existence (Michael Nelson) existentialism (Steven Crowell) aesthetics — see aesthetics: existentialist aesthetics — see aesthetics: existentialist experimental moral philosophy (Mark Alfano and Don Loeb) experimentation in biology — see biology: experiment in in physics — see physics: experiment in in biology — see biology: experiment in in physics — see physics: experiment in explanation in mathematics — see mathematics: explanation in scientific — see scientific explanation in mathematics — see mathematics: explanation in scientific — see scientific explanation exploitation (Alan Wertheimer and Matt Zwolinski) externalism and self-knowledge (T. Parent) and self-knowledge (T. Parent) extrinsic — see intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties Ezra, Abraham Ibn — see Ibn Ezra, Abraham F [jump to top] facts (Kevin Mulligan and Fabrice Correia) faith (John Bishop) Falaquera, Shem Tov Ibn (Steve Harvey) fallacies (Hans Hansen) fatalism (Hugh Rice) federalism (Andreas Føllesdal) Feigl, Herbert (Matthias Neuber) Fell, Margaret (Jacqueline Broad) feminism, approaches to (Nancy Tuana) analytic philosophy (Ann Garry) continental philosophy (Jennifer Hansen) intersections between analytic and continental philosophy (Georgia Warnke) intersections between pragmatist and continental philosophy (Shannon Sullivan) pragmatism (Judy Whipps) psychoanalytic philosophy (Emily Zakin) analytic philosophy (Ann Garry) continental philosophy (Jennifer Hansen) intersections between analytic and continental philosophy (Georgia Warnke) intersections between pragmatist and continental philosophy (Shannon Sullivan) pragmatism (Judy Whipps) psychoanalytic philosophy (Emily Zakin) feminist (interventions) aesthetics (Carolyn Korsmeyer) bioethics (Anne Donchin) environmental philosophy (Karen J. Warren) epistemology and philosophy of science (Elizabeth Anderson) ethics (Rosemarie Tong and Nancy Williams) history of philosophy (Charlotte Witt and Lisa Shapiro) liberal feminism (Amy R. Baehr) metaphysics (Sally Haslanger and Ásta Kristjana Sveinsdóttir) moral psychology (Anita Superson) philosophy of biology (Carla Fehr) philosophy of language (Jennifer Saul) philosophy of law (Leslie Francis and Patricia Smith) philosophy of religion (Nancy Frankenberry) political philosophy (Noëlle McAfee) social epistemology (Heidi Grasswick) aesthetics (Carolyn Korsmeyer) bioethics (Anne Donchin) environmental philosophy (Karen J. Warren) epistemology and philosophy of science (Elizabeth Anderson) ethics (Rosemarie Tong and Nancy Williams) history of philosophy (Charlotte Witt and Lisa Shapiro) liberal feminism (Amy R. Baehr) metaphysics (Sally Haslanger and Ásta Kristjana Sveinsdóttir) moral psychology (Anita Superson) philosophy of biology (Carla Fehr) philosophy of language (Jennifer Saul) philosophy of law (Leslie Francis and Patricia Smith) philosophy of religion (Nancy Frankenberry) political philosophy (Noëlle McAfee) social epistemology (Heidi Grasswick) feminist (topics) (Sally Haslanger, Nancy Tuana, and Peg O'Connor) perspectives on autonomy (Natalie Stoljar) perspectives on class and work (Ann Ferguson and Rosemary Hennessy) perspectives on disability (Anita Silvers) perspectives on globalization (Serena Parekh and Shelley Wilcox) perspectives on objectification (Evangelia (Lina) Papadaki) perspectives on power (Amy Allen) perspectives on rape (Rebecca Whisnant) perspectives on reproduction and the family (Debra Satz) perspectives on science (Sharon Crasnow, Alison Wylie, Wenda K. Bauchspies, and Elizabeth Potter) perspectives on sex and gender (Mari Mikkola) perspectives on sex markets (Laurie Shrage) perspectives on the body (Kathleen Lennon) perspectives on the self (Diana Meyers) perspectives on trans issues (Talia Bettcher) perspectives on autonomy (Natalie Stoljar) perspectives on class and work (Ann Ferguson and Rosemary Hennessy) perspectives on disability (Anita Silvers) perspectives on globalization (Serena Parekh and Shelley Wilcox) perspectives on objectification (Evangelia (Lina) Papadaki) perspectives on power (Amy Allen) perspectives on rape (Rebecca Whisnant) perspectives on reproduction and the family (Debra Satz) perspectives on science (Sharon Crasnow, Alison Wylie, Wenda K. Bauchspies, and Elizabeth Potter) perspectives on sex and gender (Mari Mikkola) perspectives on sex markets (Laurie Shrage) perspectives on the body (Kathleen Lennon) perspectives on the self (Diana Meyers) perspectives on trans issues (Talia Bettcher) Ferguson, Adam — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century Ferrier, James — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas (Todd Gooch) Feyerabend, Paul (John Preston) Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (Dan Breazeale) Ficino, Marsilio (Christopher S. Celenza) fiction (Fred Kroon and Alberto Voltolini) fictionalism (Matti Eklund) in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: fictionalism modal (Daniel Nolan) in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: fictionalism modal (Daniel Nolan) fideism (Richard Amesbury) film, philosophy of (Thomas Wartenberg) Fitch's paradox of knowability (Berit Brogaard and Joe Salerno) fitness (Alexander Rosenberg and Frederic Bouchard) fitting attitude theories of value (Daniel Jacobson) FitzRalph, Richard (Michael W. Dunne) Fleck, Ludwik (Wojciech Sady) folk psychology as mental simulation (Robert M. Gordon) as a theory (Ian Ravenscroft) as mental simulation (Robert M. Gordon) as a theory (Ian Ravenscroft) foreknowledge, divine — see free will: divine foreknowledge and forgiveness (Paul M. Hughes) formal epistemology — see epistemology, formal formalism in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: formalism in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: formalism formal representations of belief — see belief, formal representations of Forms [Platonic] — see Plato: middle period metaphysics and epistemology Foucault, Michel (Gary Gutting) four dimensionalism — see temporal parts frame problem (Murray Shanahan) Francis of Marchia (Christopher Schabel) freedom divine (William Rowe and Frances Howard-Snyder) positive and negative — see liberty: positive and negative of speech (David van Mill) divine (William Rowe and Frances Howard-Snyder) positive and negative — see liberty: positive and negative of speech (David van Mill) free rider problem (Russell Hardin) free will (Timothy O'Connor) (nondeterministic) theories of — see incompatibilism: (nondeterministic) theories of free will divine foreknowledge and (Linda Zagzebski) (nondeterministic) theories of — see incompatibilism: (nondeterministic) theories of free will divine foreknowledge and (Linda Zagzebski) Frege, Gottlob (Edward N. Zalta) controversy with Hilbert (Patricia Blanchette) theorem and foundations for arithmetic (Edward N. Zalta) controversy with Hilbert (Patricia Blanchette) theorem and foundations for arithmetic (Edward N. Zalta) friendship (Bennett Helm) function in biology — see teleology: teleological notions in biology recursive (Piergiorgio Odifreddi and S. Barry Cooper) in biology — see teleology: teleological notions in biology recursive (Piergiorgio Odifreddi and S. Barry Cooper) functionalism (Janet Levin) future contingents (Peter Øhrstrøm and Per Hasle) medieval theories of (Simo Knuuttila) medieval theories of (Simo Knuuttila) G [jump to top] Gadamer, Hans-Georg (Jeff Malpas) aesthetics (Nicholas Davey) aesthetics (Nicholas Davey) Galileo Galilei (Peter Machamer) games logic and — see logic: and games logic and — see logic: and games game theory (Don Ross) epistemic foundations of (Eric Pacuit and Olivier Roy) and ethics (Bruno Verbeek and Christopher Morris) evolutionary (J. McKenzie Alexander) epistemic foundations of (Eric Pacuit and Olivier Roy) and ethics (Bruno Verbeek and Christopher Morris) evolutionary (J. McKenzie Alexander) Gassendi, Pierre (Saul Fisher) Gelukpa [dge lugs pa] (Douglas Duckworth) gene (Hans-Jörg Rheinberger, Staffan Müller-Wille, and Robert Meunier) generalized quantifiers (Dag Westerståhl) general relativity early philosophical interpretations of (Thomas A. Ryckman) early philosophical interpretations of (Thomas A. Ryckman) genetics evolutionary (Michael Wade) genotype/phenotype distinction (Richard Lewontin) molecular (Ken Waters) population (Samir Okasha) evolutionary (Michael Wade) genotype/phenotype distinction (Richard Lewontin) molecular (Ken Waters) population (Samir Okasha) geometry epistemology of (Jeremy Gray) finitism in (Jean Paul Van Bendegem) in the 19th century (Roberto Torretti) epistemology of (Jeremy Gray) finitism in (Jean Paul Van Bendegem) in the 19th century (Roberto Torretti) Gerard, Alexander — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century German Philosophy in the 18th century, prior to Kant (Brigitte Sassen) in the 18th century, prior to Kant (Brigitte Sassen) Gersonides (Tamar Rudavsky) Giles of Rome (Roberto Lambertini) given, the — see justification, epistemic: foundationalist theories of global democracy — see democracy: global globalization (William Scheuerman) global justice — see justice: global God concepts of (William Wainwright) and other necessary beings (Matthew Davidson) concepts of (William Wainwright) and other necessary beings (Matthew Davidson) God, arguments for belief in pragmatic — see pragmatic arguments and belief in God pragmatic — see pragmatic arguments and belief in God God, arguments for the existence of cosmological — see cosmological argument Descartes' ontological — see Descartes, René: ontological argument moral arguments (C. Stephen Evans) ontological — see ontological arguments teleological — see teleology: teleological arguments for God's existence cosmological — see cosmological argument Descartes' ontological — see Descartes, René: ontological argument moral arguments (C. Stephen Evans) ontological — see ontological arguments teleological — see teleology: teleological arguments for God's existence Godfrey of Fontaines (John Wippel) Godwin, William (Mark Philp) Gödel, Kurt (Juliette Kennedy) incompleteness theorems (Panu Raatikainen) incompleteness theorems (Panu Raatikainen) Goodman, Nelson (Daniel Cohnitz and Marcus Rossberg) aesthetics (Alessandro Giovannelli) aesthetics (Alessandro Giovannelli) goodness, perfect (Mark Murphy) Gorampa [go rams pa] (Constance Kassor) grammar categorial — see grammar: typelogical typelogical (Michael Moortgat) categorial — see grammar: typelogical typelogical (Michael Moortgat) gratitude (Tony Manela) Green, Thomas Hill (Colin Tyler) Gregory of Rimini (Christopher Schabel) Grice, Paul (Richard E. Grandy and Richard Warner) Grosseteste, Robert (Neil Lewis) Grotius, Hugo (Jon Miller) grounding, metaphysical (Ricki Bliss and Kelly Trogdon) group rights — see rights: group H [jump to top] Habermas, Jürgen (James Bohman and William Rehg) haecceity — see substance medieval theories of (Richard Cross) medieval theories of (Richard Cross) Halevi, Judah (Barry Kogan) Hamann, Johann Georg (Gwen Griffith-Dickson) Hamilton, William — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century happiness (Dan Haybron) Hare, Richard Mervyn (Anthony Price) Hartley, David (Richard Allen) Hartmann, Nicolai (Roberto Poli) Hartshorne, Charles (Dan Dombrowski) Hayek, Friedrich (David Schmidtz) health (Dominic Murphy) heaven and hell in Christian thought (Thomas Talbott) hedonism (Andrew Moore) Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (Paul Redding) aesthetics (Stephen Houlgate) aesthetics (Stephen Houlgate) Heidegger, Martin (Michael Wheeler) aesthetics (Iain Thomson) aesthetics (Iain Thomson) hell and heaven in Christian thought — see heaven and hell in Christian thought Helmholtz, Hermann von (Lydia Patton) Hempel, Carl (James Fetzer) Henry of Ghent (Pasquale Porro) Heraclitus (Daniel W. Graham) Herder, Johann Gottfried von (Michael Forster) heritability (Stephen M. Downes) inheritance systems — see inheritance systems inheritance systems — see inheritance systems hermeneutics (Bjørn Ramberg and Kristin Gjesdal) Heytesbury, William (John Longeway) Hilbert, David controversy with Frege — see Frege, Gottlob: controversy with Hilbert program in the foundations of mathematics (Richard Zach) controversy with Frege — see Frege, Gottlob: controversy with Hilbert program in the foundations of mathematics (Richard Zach) Hippias — see Sophists, The history, philosophy of (Daniel Little) Hobbes, Thomas (Stewart Duncan) moral and political philosophy (Sharon A. Lloyd and Susanne Sreedhar) theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of moral and political philosophy (Sharon A. Lloyd and Susanne Sreedhar) theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of Holbach, Paul-Henri Thiry (Baron) d' (Michael LeBuffe) holes (Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi) Holkot [Holcot], Robert (Hester Gelber) Home, Henry [Lord Kames] — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century homosexuality (Brent Pickett) Hook, Sidney (David Sidorsky) Horkheimer, Max (J.C. Berendzen) human enhancement (Eric Juengst and Daniel Moseley) human genome project (Lisa Gannett) humanism civic — see civic humanism civic — see civic humanism human rights — see rights: human human test subjects — see ethics, biomedical: clinical research Humboldt, Wilhelm von (Kurt Mueller-Vollmer) Hume, David (William Edward Morris and Charlotte R. Brown) aesthetics (Ted Gracyk) and Kant on causality — see Kant, Immanuel: and Hume on causality and Kant on morality — see Kant, Immanuel: and Hume on morality moral philosophy (Rachel Cohon) Newtonianism and Anti-Newtonianism (Eric Schliesser) on free will (Paul Russell) on religion (Paul Russell) theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of aesthetics (Ted Gracyk) and Kant on causality — see Kant, Immanuel: and Hume on causality and Kant on morality — see Kant, Immanuel: and Hume on morality moral philosophy (Rachel Cohon) Newtonianism and Anti-Newtonianism (Eric Schliesser) on free will (Paul Russell) on religion (Paul Russell) theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of humor, philosophy of (John Morreall) Husserl, Edmund (Christian Beyer) Hutcheson, Francis — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of Hutton, James — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century hybrid logic — see logic: hybrid I [jump to top] Ibn Arabi (William Chittick) Ibn Bâjja (Josép Puig Montada) Ibn Daud, Abraham (Resianne Fontaine) Ibn Ezra, Abraham (Tzvi Langermann) Ibn Falaquera, Shem Tov — see Falaquera, Shem Tov Ibn Ibn Gabirol, Solomon [Avicebron] (Sarah Pessin) Ibn Kammuna (Tzvi Langermann) Ibn Tibbon, Samuel — see Tibbon, Samuel Ibn identity (Harold Noonan and Ben Curtis) of indiscernibles (Peter Forrest) over time (Andre Gallois) personal — see personal identity relative (Harry Deutsch) transworld (Penelope Mackie and Mark Jago) of indiscernibles (Peter Forrest) over time (Andre Gallois) personal — see personal identity relative (Harry Deutsch) transworld (Penelope Mackie and Mark Jago) identity politics (Cressida Heyes) identity theory of mind — see mind/brain identity theory ideology, law and — see law: and ideology idiolects (Alex Barber) Ikhwân al-Safâ’ (Carmela Baffioni) imagery, mental — see mental imagery imagination (Tamar Gendler) imitation game — see Turing test immigration (Christopher Heath Wellman) immortality — see afterlife immunology, philosophy of — see self: the biological notion of immutability (Brian Leftow) impartiality (Troy Jollimore) implicature (Wayne Davis) optimality theoretic and game theoretic approaches (Robert van Rooij) optimality theoretic and game theoretic approaches (Robert van Rooij) implicit bias — see bias, implicit impossible worlds (Francesco Berto) incommensurability of scientific theories (Eric Oberheim and Paul Hoyningen-Huene) of values — see value: incommensurable of scientific theories (Eric Oberheim and Paul Hoyningen-Huene) of values — see value: incommensurable incomparable values — see value: incommensurable incompatibilism (nondeterministic) theories of free will (Randolph Clarke and Justin Capes) arguments for (Kadri Vihvelin) (nondeterministic) theories of free will (Randolph Clarke and Justin Capes) arguments for (Kadri Vihvelin) indexicals (David Braun) Indian Philosophy (Classical) concept of emotion (Joerg Tuske) epistemology (Stephen Phillips) language and testimony (Madhav Deshpande) logic (Brendan Gillon) naturalism (Amita Chatterjee) perceptual experience and concepts (Monima Chadha) concept of emotion (Joerg Tuske) epistemology (Stephen Phillips) language and testimony (Madhav Deshpande) logic (Brendan Gillon) naturalism (Amita Chatterjee) perceptual experience and concepts (Monima Chadha) individual, biological notion of — see biology: notion of individual individualism, methodological (Joseph Heath) induction problem of (John Vickers) problem of (John Vickers) inductive logic — see logic: inductive inequality — see equality inertial systems — see space and time: inertial frames inference to the best explanation — see abduction infinitesimals — see continuity and infinitesimals informal logic — see logic: informal information (Pieter Adriaans) biological (Peter Godfrey-Smith and Kim Sterelny) and logic — see logic: and information quantum entanglement and — see quantum theory: quantum entanglement and information semantic conceptions of (Luciano Floridi) biological (Peter Godfrey-Smith and Kim Sterelny) and logic — see logic: and information quantum entanglement and — see quantum theory: quantum entanglement and information semantic conceptions of (Luciano Floridi) information processing and thermodynamic entropy (Owen Maroney) and thermodynamic entropy (Owen Maroney) information technology and moral values (John Sullins) phenomenological approaches to ethics and (Lucas Introna) and privacy (Jeroen van den Hoven, Martijn Blaauw, Wolter Pieters, and Martijn Warnier) and moral values (John Sullins) phenomenological approaches to ethics and (Lucas Introna) and privacy (Jeroen van den Hoven, Martijn Blaauw, Wolter Pieters, and Martijn Warnier) informed consent (Nir Eyal) Ingarden, Roman (Amie Thomasson) inherence — see substance inheritance systems (Ehud Lamm) innate/acquired distinction (Paul Griffiths) innateness and contemporary theories of cognition (Jerry Samet and Deborah Zaitchik) historical controversies (Jerry Samet) and language (Fiona Cowie) and contemporary theories of cognition (Jerry Samet and Deborah Zaitchik) historical controversies (Jerry Samet) and language (Fiona Cowie) insolubles [= insolubilia ] (Paul Vincent Spade and Stephen Read) instrumental rationality — see rationality: instrumental integrity (Damian Cox, Marguerite La Caze, and Michael Levine) intelligent design, theory of — see creationism intensional transitive verbs (Graeme Forbes) intention (Kieran Setiya) intentionality (Pierre Jacob) collective (David P. Schweikard and Hans Bernhard Schmid) consciousness and — see consciousness: and intentionality in ancient philosophy (Victor Caston) collective (David P. Schweikard and Hans Bernhard Schmid) consciousness and — see consciousness: and intentionality in ancient philosophy (Victor Caston) internal vs. external reasons for action — see reasons for action: internal vs. external internet research ethics — see ethics: internet research intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties (Brian Weatherson and Dan Marshall) introspection (Eric Schwitzgebel) intuition (Joel Pust) intuitionism ethics — see moral intuitionism in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: intuitionism ethics — see moral intuitionism in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: intuitionism intuitionistic logic — see logic: intuitionistic development of — see logic, history of: intuitionistic logic development of — see logic, history of: intuitionistic logic inverted qualia — see qualia: inverted Israeli, Isaac (Leonard Levin and R. David Walker) J [jump to top] Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich (George di Giovanni) James, William (Russell Goodman) James of Viterbo (Antoine Côté) Japanese Philosophy aesthetics (Graham Parkes) Confucian (John Tucker) Kokugaku School [Native Studies School] (Susan Burns) Kûkai (John Krummel) Kyoto School (Bret W. Davis) Nishida Kitarō — see Nishida Kitarō Pure Land (Dennis Hirota) Watsuji Tetsurô — see Watsuji Tetsurô Zen Buddhism (Shigenori Nagatomo) aesthetics (Graham Parkes) Confucian (John Tucker) Kokugaku School [Native Studies School] (Susan Burns) Kûkai (John Krummel) Kyoto School (Bret W. Davis) Nishida Kitarō — see Nishida Kitarō Pure Land (Dennis Hirota) Watsuji Tetsurô — see Watsuji Tetsurô Zen Buddhism (Shigenori Nagatomo) Jaspers, Karl (Chris Thornhill) Jayarāśi (Piotr Balcerowicz) Jevons, William Stanley (Bert Mosselmans) John of Salisbury (Kevin Guilfoy) Jones, Emily Elizabeth Constance (Gary Ostertag) Judah Halevi — see Halevi, Judah judgment aesthetic — see aesthetics: aesthetic judgment aesthetic — see aesthetics: aesthetic judgment justice distributive (Julian Lamont and Christi Favor) global (Gillian Brock) intergenerational (Lukas Meyer) international distributive (Michael Blake and Patrick Taylor Smith) retributive (Alec Walen) transitional (Nir Eisikovits) as a virtue (Michael Slote) distributive (Julian Lamont and Christi Favor) global (Gillian Brock) intergenerational (Lukas Meyer) international distributive (Michael Blake and Patrick Taylor Smith) retributive (Alec Walen) transitional (Nir Eisikovits) as a virtue (Michael Slote) justification, epistemic a priori — see a priori justification and knowledge coherentist theories of (Erik Olsson) foundationalist theories of (Richard Fumerton) internalist vs. externalist conceptions of (George Pappas) reliabilism — see reliabilism transmission of — see transmission of justification and warrant a priori — see a priori justification and knowledge coherentist theories of (Erik Olsson) foundationalist theories of (Richard Fumerton) internalist vs. externalist conceptions of (George Pappas) reliabilism — see reliabilism transmission of — see transmission of justification and warrant justification, political public (Kevin Vallier and Fred D'Agostino) public (Kevin Vallier and Fred D'Agostino) K [jump to top] Kant, Immanuel (Michael Rohlf) account of reason (Garrath Williams) aesthetics and teleology (Hannah Ginsborg) critique of metaphysics (Michelle Grier) and Hume on causality (Graciela De Pierris and Michael Friedman) and Hume on morality (Lara Denis) and Leibniz (Catherine Wilson) moral philosophy (Robert Johnson) philosophical development (Martin Schönfeld and Michael Thompson) philosophy of mathematics (Lisa Shabel) philosophy of religion (Lawrence Pasternack and Philip Rossi) philosophy of science (Eric Watkins and Marius Stan) social and political philosophy (Frederick Rauscher) theory of judgment (Robert Hanna) transcendental arguments (Derk Pereboom) view of mind and consciousness of self (Andrew Brook) views on space and time (Andrew Janiak) account of reason (Garrath Williams) aesthetics and teleology (Hannah Ginsborg) critique of metaphysics (Michelle Grier) and Hume on causality (Graciela De Pierris and Michael Friedman) and Hume on morality (Lara Denis) and Leibniz (Catherine Wilson) moral philosophy (Robert Johnson) philosophical development (Martin Schönfeld and Michael Thompson) philosophy of mathematics (Lisa Shabel) philosophy of religion (Lawrence Pasternack and Philip Rossi) philosophy of science (Eric Watkins and Marius Stan) social and political philosophy (Frederick Rauscher) theory of judgment (Robert Hanna) transcendental arguments (Derk Pereboom) view of mind and consciousness of self (Andrew Brook) views on space and time (Andrew Janiak) Kaspi, Joseph (Hannah Kasher) Kepler, Johannes (Daniel A. Di Liscia) Kierkegaard, Søren (William McDonald) killing vs. letting die — see doing vs. allowing harm Kilvington, Richard (Elzbieta Jung) Kilwardby, Robert (José Filipe Silva) knowledge analysis of (Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa and Matthias Steup) a priori — see a priori justification and knowledge by acquaintance vs. description (Ali Hasan and Richard Fumerton) self- — see self-knowledge analysis of (Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa and Matthias Steup) a priori — see a priori justification and knowledge

by acquaintance vs. description (Ali Hasan and Richard Fumerton) self- — see self-knowledge knowledge, value of (Duncan Pritchard and John Turri) knowledge how (Jeremy Fantl) Kochen-Specker theorem — see quantum mechanics: Kochen-Specker theorem Kuhn, Thomas (Alexander Bird) Kûkai — see Japanese Philosophy: Kûkai Kumārila (Daniel Arnold) L [jump to top] Lacan, Jacques (Adrian Johnston) La Forge, Louis de (Desmond Clarke) lambda calculus, the (Jesse Alama) Lange, Friedrich Albert (Nadeem J. Z. Hussain and Lydia Patton) language of thought hypothesis (Murat Aydede and Brian McLaughlin) Laozi (Alan Chan) large cardinals and determinacy — see set theory: large cardinals and determinacy Latin American philosophy (Jorge Gracia and Manuel Vargas) metaphilosophical foundations (Susana Nuccetelli) metaphilosophical foundations (Susana Nuccetelli) law and ideology (Christine Sypnowich) and language (Timothy Endicott) limits of — see limits of law nature of — see nature of law: natural law theories and ideology (Christine Sypnowich) and language (Timothy Endicott) limits of — see limits of law nature of — see nature of law: natural law theories laws of nature (John W. Carroll) ceteris paribus (Alexander Reutlinger, Gerhard Schurz, and Andreas Hüttemann) ceteris paribus (Alexander Reutlinger, Gerhard Schurz, and Andreas Hüttemann) learning theory, formal (Oliver Schulte) Lefèvre d'Étaples, Jacques (Richard J. Oosterhoff) legal obligation and authority (Leslie Green) legal philosophy economic analysis of law (Lewis Kornhauser) economic analysis of law (Lewis Kornhauser) legal positivism — see nature of law: legal positivism legal punishment — see punishment, legal legal reasoning interpretation and coherence in (Julie Dickson) precedent and analogy in (Grant Lamond) interpretation and coherence in (Julie Dickson) precedent and analogy in (Grant Lamond) legal rights (Kenneth Campbell) legitimacy, political (Fabienne Peter) Le Grand, Antoine (Patricia Easton) Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (Brandon C. Look) ethics (Andrew Youpa) Exoteric Philosophy (John Whipple) influence on 19th century logic (Volker Peckhaus) modal metaphysics (Brandon C. Look) on causation (Marc Bobro) on the problem of evil (Michael Murray and Sean Greenberg) philosophy of mind (Mark Kulstad and Laurence Carlin) philosophy of physics (Jeffrey K. McDonough) ethics (Andrew Youpa) Exoteric Philosophy (John Whipple) influence on 19th century logic (Volker Peckhaus) modal metaphysics (Brandon C. Look) on causation (Marc Bobro) on the problem of evil (Michael Murray and Sean Greenberg) philosophy of mind (Mark Kulstad and Laurence Carlin) philosophy of physics (Jeffrey K. McDonough) Leibowitz, Yeshayahu (Daniel Rynhold) Leone Ebreo — see Abrabanel, Judah Leśniewski, Stanisław (Peter Simons) Leucippus (Sylvia Berryman) Levinas, Emmanuel (Bettina Bergo) Lewis, Clarence Irving (Bruce Hunter) Lewis, David (Brian Weatherson) metaphysics (Ned Hall) metaphysics (Ned Hall) liar paradox (Jc Beall and Michael Glanzberg) liberal feminism — see feminist (interventions): liberal feminism liberalism (Gerald Gaus, Shane D. Courtland, and David Schmidtz) libertarianism (Peter Vallentyne and Bas van der Vossen) liberty positive and negative (Ian Carter) positive and negative (Ian Carter) life (Bruce Weber) meaning of (Thaddeus Metz) meaning of (Thaddeus Metz) lifeworld — see Husserl, Edmund limits of law (John Stanton-Ife) linear logic — see logic: linear linguistics computational (Lenhart Schubert) philosophy of (Barbara C. Scholz, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, and Geoffrey K. Pullum) computational (Lenhart Schubert) philosophy of (Barbara C. Scholz, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, and Geoffrey K. Pullum) Lipsius, Justus (Jan Papy) living wills — see advance directives location and mereology (Cody Gilmore) Locke, Alain LeRoy (Jacoby Adeshei Carter) Locke, John (William Uzgalis) moral philosophy (Patricia Sheridan) on real essence (Jan-Erik Jones) philosophy of science (Hylarie Kochiras) political philosophy (Alex Tuckness) moral philosophy (Patricia Sheridan) on real essence (Jan-Erik Jones) philosophy of science (Hylarie Kochiras) political philosophy (Alex Tuckness) logic action (Krister Segerberg, John-Jules Meyer, and Marcus Kracht) ancient (Susanne Bobzien) and artificial intelligence — see artificial intelligence: logic and of belief revision (Sven Ove Hansson) classical (Stewart Shapiro) combinatory (Katalin Bimbó) combining (Walter Carnielli and Marcelo Esteban Coniglio) conditionals (Horacio Arlo-Costa) connexive (Heinrich Wansing) deontic (Paul McNamara) dialogical (Laurent Keiff) epistemic (Vincent Hendricks and John Symons) free (John Nolt) fuzzy (Petr Hajek) and games (Wilfrid Hodges) hybrid (Torben Braüner) in classical Indian philosophy — see Indian Philosophy (Classical): logic independence friendly (Tero Tulenheimo) inductive (James Hawthorne) infinitary (John L. Bell) informal (Leo Groarke) and information (Maricarmen Martinez and Sebastian Sequoiah-Grayson) intensional (Melvin Fitting) intuitionistic (Joan Moschovakis) justification (Sergei Artemov and Melvin Fitting) linear (Roberto Di Cosmo and Dale Miller) many-valued (Siegfried Gottwald) of mass expressions — see mass expressions: logic of modal (James Garson) non-monotonic (Christian Strasser and G. Aldo Antonelli) paraconsistent (Graham Priest, Koji Tanaka, and Zach Weber) and probability (Lorenz Demey, Barteld Kooi, and Joshua Sack) propositional dynamic (Nicolas Troquard and Philippe Balbiani) provability (Rineke (L.C.) Verbrugge) relevance (Edwin Mares) second-order and higher-order (Herbert B. Enderton) sentence connectives in — see connectives: sentence connectives in formal logic substructural (Greg Restall) temporal (Valentin Goranko and Antony Galton) action (Krister Segerberg, John-Jules Meyer, and Marcus Kracht) ancient (Susanne Bobzien) and artificial intelligence — see artificial intelligence: logic and of belief revision (Sven Ove Hansson) classical (Stewart Shapiro) combinatory (Katalin Bimbó) combining (Walter Carnielli and Marcelo Esteban Coniglio) conditionals (Horacio Arlo-Costa) connexive (Heinrich Wansing) deontic (Paul McNamara) dialogical (Laurent Keiff) epistemic (Vincent Hendricks and John Symons) free (John Nolt) fuzzy (Petr Hajek) and games (Wilfrid Hodges) hybrid (Torben Braüner) in classical Indian philosophy — see Indian Philosophy (Classical): logic independence friendly (Tero Tulenheimo) inductive (James Hawthorne) infinitary (John L. Bell) informal (Leo Groarke) and information (Maricarmen Martinez and Sebastian Sequoiah-Grayson) intensional (Melvin Fitting) intuitionistic (Joan Moschovakis) justification (Sergei Artemov and Melvin Fitting) linear (Roberto Di Cosmo and Dale Miller) many-valued (Siegfried Gottwald) of mass expressions — see mass expressions: logic of modal (James Garson) non-monotonic (Christian Strasser and G. Aldo Antonelli) paraconsistent (Graham Priest, Koji Tanaka, and Zach Weber) and probability (Lorenz Demey, Barteld Kooi, and Joshua Sack) propositional dynamic (Nicolas Troquard and Philippe Balbiani) provability (Rineke (L.C.) Verbrugge) relevance (Edwin Mares) second-order and higher-order (Herbert B. Enderton) sentence connectives in — see connectives: sentence connectives in formal logic substructural (Greg Restall) temporal (Valentin Goranko and Antony Galton) logic, history of intuitionistic logic (Mark van Atten) modal logic (Roberta Ballarin) proof theory — see proof theory: development of set theory, early — see set theory: early development intuitionistic logic (Mark van Atten) modal logic (Roberta Ballarin) proof theory — see proof theory: development of set theory, early — see set theory: early development logical atomism Russell's (Kevin Klement) Wittgenstein's — see Wittgenstein, Ludwig: logical atomism Russell's (Kevin Klement) Wittgenstein's — see Wittgenstein, Ludwig: logical atomism logical consequence (Jc Beall and Greg Restall) propositional consequence relations and algebraic logic (Ramon Jansana) propositional consequence relations and algebraic logic (Ramon Jansana) logical constants (John MacFarlane) logical constructions (Bernard Linsky) logical empiricism — see empiricism: logical logical form (Paul Pietroski) logical pluralism (Gillian Russell) logical truth (Mario Gómez-Torrente) logic and ontology (Thomas Hofweber) logicism and neologicism (Neil Tennant) Lotze, Hermann (David Sullivan) love (Bennett Helm) loyalty (John Kleinig) luck justice and bad luck (Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen) moral (Dana K. Nelkin) justice and bad luck (Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen) moral (Dana K. Nelkin) Lucretius (David Sedley) Lukács, Georg [György] (Titus Stahl) Łukasiewicz, Jan (Peter Simons) Lvov-Warsaw School (Jan Woleński) lying and deception definition of (James Edwin Mahon) definition of (James Edwin Mahon) M [jump to top] Macaulay, Catharine (Karen Green) Mach, Ernst (Paul Pojman) Machiavelli, Niccolò (Cary Nederman) Madhyamaka (Richard Hayes) Maimon, Salomon (Peter Thielke and Yitzhak Melamed) Maimonides (Kenneth Seeskin) the influence of Islamic thought on (Sarah Pessin) the influence of Islamic thought on (Sarah Pessin) Malebranche, Nicolas (Tad Schmaltz) theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of theory of ideas and vision in God (Lawrence Nolan) theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of theory of ideas and vision in God (Lawrence Nolan) Mally, Ernst (Alexander Hieke and Gerhard Zecha) deontic logic (Gert-Jan Lokhorst) deontic logic (Gert-Jan Lokhorst) many, problem of (Brian Weatherson) Marcel, Gabriel (-Honoré) (Brian Treanor) Marcus Aurelius (Rachana Kamtekar) Marcuse, Herbert (Arnold Farr) Marinella, Lucrezia (Marguerite Deslauriers) Maritain, Jacques (William Sweet) markets (Lisa Herzog) marriage and domestic partnership (Elizabeth Brake) Marsilius of Inghen (Maarten Hoenen) Marty, Anton (Robin Rollinger) Marx, Karl (Jonathan Wolff) Masham, Lady Damaris (Sarah Hutton) mass/energy equivalence — see equivalence of mass and energy mass expressions logic of (David Nicolas) metaphysics of (Mark Steen) logic of (David Nicolas) metaphysics of (Mark Steen) material constitution (Ryan Wasserman) materialism — see physicalism eliminative (William Ramsey) eliminative (William Ramsey) mathematical style — see style: in mathematics mathematics constructive (Douglas Bridges and Erik Palmgren) explanation in (Paolo Mancosu) inconsistent (Chris Mortensen) non-deductive methods in (Alan Baker) constructive (Douglas Bridges and Erik Palmgren) explanation in (Paolo Mancosu) inconsistent (Chris Mortensen) non-deductive methods in (Alan Baker) mathematics, foundations of Dedekind's contributions to — see Dedekind, Richard: contributions to the foundations of mathematics Hilbert's program — see Hilbert, David: program in the foundations of mathematics Dedekind's contributions to — see Dedekind, Richard: contributions to the foundations of mathematics Hilbert's program — see Hilbert, David: program in the foundations of mathematics mathematics, philosophy of (Leon Horsten) fictionalism (Mark Balaguer) formalism (Alan Weir) indispensability arguments in the (Mark Colyvan) intuitionism (Rosalie Iemhoff) Kant — see Kant, Immanuel: philosophy of mathematics naturalism (Alexander Paseau) nominalism (Otávio Bueno) Platonism — see Platonism: in the philosophy of mathematics Wittgenstein — see Wittgenstein, Ludwig: philosophy of mathematics fictionalism (Mark Balaguer) formalism (Alan Weir) indispensability arguments in the (Mark Colyvan) intuitionism (Rosalie Iemhoff) Kant — see Kant, Immanuel: philosophy of mathematics naturalism (Alexander Paseau) nominalism (Otávio Bueno) Platonism — see Platonism: in the philosophy of mathematics Wittgenstein — see Wittgenstein, Ludwig: philosophy of mathematics McTaggart, John M. E. (Kris McDaniel) Mead, George Herbert (Mitchell Aboulafia) meaning normativity of (Kathrin Glüer and Åsa Wikforss) of words (Luca Gasparri and Diego Marconi) normativity of (Kathrin Glüer and Åsa Wikforss) of words (Luca Gasparri and Diego Marconi) meaning, theories of (Jeff Speaks) meaning holism (Henry Jackman) measurement in quantum theory — see quantum theory: measurement in in science (Eran Tal) in quantum theory — see quantum theory: measurement in in science (Eran Tal) medicine: Chinese philosophy — see Chinese Philosophy: Chinese medicine medieval philosophy (Paul Vincent Spade) literary forms of (Eileen Sweeney) literary forms of (Eileen Sweeney) medieval theories analogy — see analogy: medieval theories of categories — see categories: medieval theories of causation — see causation: medieval theories of conscience — see conscience: medieval theories of of demonstration — see demonstration: medieval theories of future contingents — see future contingents: medieval theories of haecceity — see haecceity: medieval theories of of mental representation — see mental representation: in medieval philosophy modality — see modality: medieval theories of of obligationes — see obligationes , medieval theories of practical reason — see practical reason: medieval theories of properties of terms — see terms, properties of: medieval theories of relations — see relations: medieval theories of of singular terms — see singular terms: medieval theories of syllogism — see syllogism: medieval theories of transcendentals — see transcendentals, medieval theories of analogy — see analogy: medieval theories of categories — see categories: medieval theories of causation — see causation: medieval theories of conscience — see conscience: medieval theories of of demonstration — see demonstration: medieval theories of future contingents — see future contingents: medieval theories of haecceity — see haecceity: medieval theories of of mental representation — see mental representation: in medieval philosophy modality — see modality: medieval theories of of obligationes — see obligationes , medieval theories of practical reason — see practical reason: medieval theories of properties of terms — see terms, properties of: medieval theories of relations — see relations: medieval theories of of singular terms — see singular terms: medieval theories of syllogism — see syllogism: medieval theories of transcendentals — see transcendentals, medieval theories of Meinong, Alexius (Johann Marek) Meister Eckhart (Burkhard Mojsisch and Orrin F. Summerell) memory (John Sutton) epistemological problems of (Thomas D. Senor) epistemological problems of (Thomas D. Senor) Mencius (Bryan Van Norden) Mendelssohn, Moses (Daniel Dahlstrom) mental causation (David Robb and John Heil) mental content causal theories of (Fred Adams and Ken Aizawa) externalism about (Joe Lau and Max Deutsch) narrow (Curtis Brown) nonconceptual (José Bermúdez and Arnon Cahen) teleological theories of (Karen Neander) causal theories of (Fred Adams and Ken Aizawa) externalism about (Joe Lau and Max Deutsch) narrow (Curtis Brown) nonconceptual (José Bermúdez and Arnon Cahen) teleological theories of (Karen Neander) mental illness (Christian Perring) mental imagery (Nigel J.T. Thomas) mental representation (David Pitt) in medieval philosophy (Henrik Lagerlund) in medieval philosophy (Henrik Lagerlund) mereology (Achille Varzi) and location — see location and mereology medieval (Andrew Arlig) and location — see location and mereology medieval (Andrew Arlig) Merleau-Ponty, Maurice (Bernard Flynn) metaethics (Geoff Sayre-McCord) metaphor (David Hills) metaphysics (Peter van Inwagen and Meghan Sullivan) metaphysics in the 16th century Francisco Suárez — see Suárez, Francisco Francisco Suárez — see Suárez, Francisco Mill, Harriet Taylor (Dale E. Miller) Mill, James (Terence Ball) Mill, John Stuart (Fred Wilson) moral and political philosophy (David Brink) moral and political philosophy (David Brink) mind computational theory of (Steven Horst) in Indian Buddhist Philosophy (Christian Coseru) modularity of (Philip Robbins) computational theory of (Steven Horst) in Indian Buddhist Philosophy (Christian Coseru) modularity of (Philip Robbins) mind/brain identity theory (J. J. C. Smart) miracles (Timothy McGrew) modal epistemology — see modality: epistemology of modality Descartes and — see Descartes, René: modal metaphysics epistemology of (Anand Vaidya) impossible worlds — see impossible worlds Leibniz and — see Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm: modal metaphysics medieval theories of (Simo Knuuttila) metaphysics of — see actualism modal fictionalism — see fictionalism: modal necessary and sufficient conditions — see necessary and sufficient conditions possible objects — see possible objects possible worlds — see possible worlds Spinoza and — see Spinoza, Baruch: modal metaphysics varieties of (Boris Kment) Descartes and — see Descartes, René: modal metaphysics epistemology of (Anand Vaidya) impossible worlds — see impossible worlds Leibniz and — see Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm: modal metaphysics medieval theories of (Simo Knuuttila) metaphysics of — see actualism modal fictionalism — see fictionalism: modal necessary and sufficient conditions — see necessary and sufficient conditions possible objects — see possible objects possible worlds — see possible worlds Spinoza and — see Spinoza, Baruch: modal metaphysics varieties of (Boris Kment) modal logic — see logic: modal modern origins — see logic, history of: modal logic modern origins — see logic, history of: modal logic models in science (Roman Frigg and Stephan Hartmann) model theory (Wilfrid Hodges) first-order (Wilfrid Hodges and Thomas Scanlon) first-order (Wilfrid Hodges and Thomas Scanlon) Mohism (Chris Fraser) Mohist Canons (Chris Fraser) molecular biology (James Tabery, Monika Piotrowska, and Lindley Darden) Molyneux's problem (Marjolein Degenaar and Gert-Jan Lokhorst) monism (Jonathan Schaffer) anomalous — see anomalous monism anomalous — see anomalous monism monotheism (William Wainwright) Montaigne, Michel de (Marc Foglia) Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de (Hilary Bok) Moore, George Edward (Tom Baldwin) moral philosophy (Thomas Hurka) moral philosophy (Thomas Hurka) moral anti-realism (Richard Joyce) moral character — see character, moral moral cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism — see cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism, moral moral dilemmas (Terrance McConnell) moral epistemology (Richmond Campbell) moral intuitionism (Philip Stratton-Lake) morality and evolutionary biology (William FitzPatrick) and evolutionary biology (William FitzPatrick) morality, definition of (Bernard Gert) moral luck — see luck: moral moral motivation (Connie S. Rosati) moral naturalism — see naturalism: moral moral non-naturalism (Michael Ridge) moral particularism (Jonathan Dancy) moral psychology empirical approaches (John Doris and Stephen Stich) empirical approaches (John Doris and Stephen Stich) moral realism (Geoff Sayre-McCord) moral reasoning — see reasoning: moral moral relativism (Chris Gowans) moral responsibility (Andrew Eshleman) moral sentimentalism (Antti Kauppinen) moral skepticism (Walter Sinnott-Armstrong) moral status of animals — see animals, moral status of of animals — see animals, moral status of moral status, grounds of (Agnieszka Jaworska and Julie Tannenbaum) More, Henry (John Henry) More, Thomas (Dominic Baker-Smith) motivation moral — see moral motivation moral — see moral motivation Mulla Sadra (Sajjad Rizvi) multiculturalism (Sarah Song) multiple realizability (John Bickle) music, philosophy of (Andrew Kania) mysticism (Jerome Gellman) myths, Plato's — see Plato: myths N [jump to top] Nāgārjuna (Jan Christoph Westerhoff) names (Sam Cumming) nationalism (Nenad Miscevic) Natorp, Paul (Alan Kim) naturalism (David Papineau) in epistemology — see epistemology: naturalized in legal philosophy (Brian Leiter) in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: naturalism moral (James Lenman) in epistemology — see epistemology: naturalized in legal philosophy (Brian Leiter) in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: naturalism moral (James Lenman) natural kinds (Alexander Bird and Emma Tobin) natural law tradition in ethics — see ethics: natural law tradition tradition in ethics — see ethics: natural law tradition natural philosophy in the Renaissance (Eva Del Soldato) in the Renaissance (Eva Del Soldato) natural selection (Robert Brandon) units and levels of (Elisabeth Lloyd) units and levels of (Elisabeth Lloyd) nature of law (Andrei Marmor) interpretivist theories (Nicos Stavropoulos) legal positivism (Leslie Green) natural law theories (John Finnis) pure theory of law (Andrei Marmor) interpretivist theories (Nicos Stavropoulos) legal positivism (Leslie Green) natural law theories (John Finnis) pure theory of law (Andrei Marmor) Navya-Nyāya — see Early Modern India, analytic philosophy in necessary and sufficient conditions (Andrew Brennan) necessary beings and God — see God: and other necessary beings and God — see God: and other necessary beings negation (Laurence R. Horn and Heinrich Wansing) Négritude (Souleymane Bachir Diagne) Neo-Daoism (Alan Chan) Neurath, Otto (Jordi Cat) neuroscience, philosophy of (John Bickle, Peter Mandik, and Anthony Landreth) neutral monism (Leopold Stubenberg) Newton, Isaac (George Smith) Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (George Smith) philosophy (Andrew Janiak) views on space, time, and motion (Robert Rynasiewicz) Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (George Smith) philosophy (Andrew Janiak) views on space, time, and motion (Robert Rynasiewicz) Nicholas of Autrecourt [de Altricuria, Autricuria, Ultricuria, Autricort] (Hans Thijssen) Nicolas of Cusa — see Cusanus, Nicolaus Nietzsche, Friedrich (Robert Wicks) moral and political philosophy (Brian Leiter) moral and political philosophy (Brian Leiter) Nishida Kitarō (John C. Maraldo) noema — see Husserl, Edmund nominalism in metaphysics (Gonzalo Rodriguez-Pereyra) in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: nominalism in metaphysics (Gonzalo Rodriguez-Pereyra) in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: nominalism non-naturalism, moral — see moral non-naturalism nonconceptual content — see mental content: nonconceptual nonexistent objects (Maria Reicher) nonidentity problem (M. A. Roberts) norms of cooperation — see social norms Norris, John (June Yang) nothingness (Roy Sorensen) Novalis [Georg Friedrich Philipp von Hardenberg] (Kristin Gjesdal) Nozick, Robert political philosophy (Eric Mack) political philosophy (Eric Mack) Numenius (George Karamanolis) O [jump to top] object (Henry Laycock) objectivity scientific — see scientific objectivity scientific — see scientific objectivity obligation legal — see legal obligation and authority legal — see legal obligation and authority obligationes , medieval theories of (Paul Vincent Spade and Mikko Yrjönsuuri) obligations special (Diane Jeske) special (Diane Jeske) occasionalism (Sukjae Lee) Ockham [Occam], William (Paul Vincent Spade and Claude Panaccio) Olivi, Peter John (Robert Pasnau and Juhana Toivanen) Olympiodorus (Christian Wildberg) omnipotence (Joshua Hoffman and Gary Rosenkrantz) omnipresence (Edward Wierenga) omniscience (Edward Wierenga) ontological arguments (Graham Oppy) ontological commitment (Phillip Bricker) ontological dependence — see dependence, ontological ontology of art, history of (Paisley Livingston) operationalism (Hasok Chang) ordinary objects (Daniel Z. Korman) Oresme, Nicole (Stefan Kirschner) Origen (Mark J. Edwards) original position (Samuel Freeman) Ortega y Gasset, José (Oliver Holmes) other minds (Alec Hyslop) ownership, property and — see property and ownership P [jump to top] pacifism (Andrew Fiala) pain (Murat Aydede) Paine, Thomas (Mark Philp) panentheism (John Culp) panpsychism (William Seager and Sean Allen-Hermanson) pantheism (William Mander) paradox Curry's — see Curry's paradox Fitch's paradox of knowability — see Fitch's paradox of knowability of the liar — see liar paradox Russell's paradox — see Russell's paradox Simpson's paradox — see Simpson's paradox Skolem's (Timothy Bays) St. Petersburg paradox — see St. Petersburg paradox of suspense — see suspense, paradox of Zeno's paradoxes — see Zeno of Elea: Zeno's paradoxes and contemporary logic (Andrea Cantini) epistemic — see epistemic paradoxes Curry's — see Curry's paradox Fitch's paradox of knowability — see Fitch's paradox of knowability of the liar — see liar paradox Russell's paradox — see Russell's paradox Simpson's paradox — see Simpson's paradox Skolem's (Timothy Bays) St. Petersburg paradox — see St. Petersburg paradox of suspense — see suspense, paradox of Zeno's paradoxes — see Zeno of Elea: Zeno's paradoxes and contemporary logic (Andrea Cantini) epistemic — see epistemic paradoxes parenthood and procreation (Elizabeth Brake and Joseph Millum) Parmenides (John Palmer) part/whole — see mereology Pascal, Blaise (Desmond Clarke) Pascal's wager (Alan Hájek) paternalism (Gerald Dworkin) patriotism (Igor Primoratz) Patrizi, Francesco (Fred Purnell) Paul of Venice (Alessandro Conti) Peirce, Benjamin (Ivor Grattan-Guinness and Alison Walsh) Peirce, Charles Sanders (Robert Burch) logic (Sun-Joo Shin and Eric Hammer) theory of signs (Albert Atkin) logic (Sun-Joo Shin and Eric Hammer) theory of signs (Albert Atkin) Penbygull, William (Alessandro Conti) perception auditory (Casey O'Callaghan) the contents of (Susanna Siegel) the disjunctive theory of (Matthew Soteriou) epistemological problems of (Laurence BonJour) experience and justification (Nicholas Silins) the problem of (Tim Crane) auditory (Casey O'Callaghan) the contents of (Susanna Siegel) the disjunctive theory of (Matthew Soteriou) epistemological problems of (Laurence BonJour) experience and justification (Nicholas Silins) the problem of (Tim Crane) perfectionism, in moral and political philosophy (Steven Wall) persistence — see temporal parts personal identity (Eric T. Olson) and ethics (David Shoemaker) and ethics (David Shoemaker) personalism (Thomas D. Williams and Jan Olof Bengtsson) persons — see personal identity Peter of Spain [= Petrus Hispanus] (Joke Spruyt) Petrizi, Joane (Tengiz Iremadze) phenomenology (David Woodruff Smith) Philip the Chancellor (Colleen McCluskey) Philodemus (David Blank) Philolaus (Carl Huffman) Philo of Larissa (Charles Brittain) Philoponus (Christian Wildberg) Philo the Dialectician — see Dialectical School physicalism (Daniel Stoljar) physics experiment in (Allan Franklin and Slobodan Perovic) holism and nonseparability (Richard Healey) intertheory relations in (Robert Batterman) quantum field theory — see quantum theory: quantum field theory Reichenbach's common cause principle (Frank Arntzenius) structuralism in (Heinz-Juergen Schmidt) symmetry and symmetry breaking (Katherine Brading and Elena Castellani) experiment in (Allan Franklin and Slobodan Perovic) holism and nonseparability (Richard Healey) intertheory relations in (Robert Batterman) quantum field theory — see quantum theory: quantum field theory Reichenbach's common cause principle (Frank Arntzenius) structuralism in (Heinz-Juergen Schmidt) symmetry and symmetry breaking (Katherine Brading and Elena Castellani) physis and nomos — see Sophists, The Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni (Brian Copenhaver) pineal gland — see Descartes, René: and the pineal gland Plato (Richard Kraut) aesthetics (Nickolas Pappas) Callicles and Thrasymachus (Rachel Barney) Cratylus (David Sedley) ethics (Dorothea Frede) ethics and politics in The Republic (Eric Brown) friendship and eros (C. D. C. Reeve) method and metaphysics in the Sophist and Statesman (Mary Louise Gill) middle period metaphysics and epistemology (Allan Silverman) myths (Catalin Partenie) on knowledge in the Theaetetus (Sophie Grace Chappell) on utopia (Chris Bobonich and Katherine Meadows) Parmenides (Samuel Rickless) rhetoric and poetry (Charles L. Griswold) shorter ethical works (Paul Woodruff) Timaeus (Donald Zeyl) aesthetics (Nickolas Pappas) Callicles and Thrasymachus (Rachel Barney) Cratylus (David Sedley) ethics (Dorothea Frede) ethics and politics in The Republic (Eric Brown) friendship and eros (C. D. C. Reeve) method and metaphysics in the Sophist and Statesman (Mary Louise Gill) middle period metaphysics and epistemology (Allan Silverman) myths (Catalin Partenie) on knowledge in the Theaetetus (Sophie Grace Chappell) on utopia (Chris Bobonich and Katherine Meadows) Parmenides (Samuel Rickless) rhetoric and poetry (Charles L. Griswold) shorter ethical works (Paul Woodruff) Timaeus (Donald Zeyl) Platonism in metaphysics (Mark Balaguer) in the philosophy of mathematics (Øystein Linnebo) in metaphysics (Mark Balaguer) in the philosophy of mathematics (Øystein Linnebo) pleasure (Leonard D. Katz) Plotinus (Lloyd Gerson) pluralism religious — see religious diversity religious — see religious diversity plurality of forms — see binarium famosissimum plural quantification (Øystein Linnebo) Plutarch (George Karamanolis) Poincaré, Henri (Gerhard Heinzmann and David Stump) political obligation (Richard Dagger and David Lefkowitz) political philosophy ancient (Melissa Lane) medieval (John Kilcullen) ancient (Melissa Lane) medieval (John Kilcullen) political realism in international relations (W. Julian Korab-Karpowicz) in international relations (W. Julian Korab-Karpowicz) political theory and religion — see religion and political theory Pomponazzi, Pietro (Stefano Perfetti) Popper, Karl (Stephen Thornton) population genetics — see genetics: population pornography and censorship (Caroline West) and censorship (Caroline West) Porphyry (Eyjólfur Emilsson) Porta, Giambattista della (Sergius Kodera) Port Royal Logic (Jill Buroker) possible objects (Takashi Yagisawa) possible worlds (Christopher Menzel) postmodernism (Gary Aylesworth) Poulain de la Barre, François (Desmond Clarke) poverty of the stimulus argument — see innateness: and language practical reason (R. Jay Wallace) medieval theories of (Anthony Celano) and the structure of actions (Elijah Millgram) medieval theories of (Anthony Celano) and the structure of actions (Elijah Millgram) pragmatic arguments and belief in God (Jeff Jordan) pragmatics (Kepa Korta and John Perry) defaults in — see defaults in semantics and pragmatics defaults in — see defaults in semantics and pragmatics pragmatism (Christopher Hookway) prayer petitionary (Scott A. Davison) petitionary (Scott A. Davison) predicate calculus — see logic: classical preferences (Sven Ove Hansson and Till Grüne-Yanoff) preformationism — see developmental biology: epigenesis and preformationism pregnancy, birth, and medicine (Rebecca Kukla and Katherine Wayne) prenatal testing and screening — see eugenics Presocratic Philosophy (Patricia Curd) presupposition (David I. Beaver and Bart Geurts) Prichard, Harold Arthur (Jonathan Dancy) Principia Mathematica (Andrew David Irvine) notation in (Bernard Linsky) notation in (Bernard Linsky) principle of sufficient reason (Yitzhak Melamed and Martin Lin) Prior, Arthur (B. Jack Copeland) prisoner's dilemma (Steven Kuhn) privacy (Judith DeCew) and information technology — see information technology: and privacy and medicine — see ethics, biomedical: privacy and medicine and information technology — see information technology: and privacy and medicine — see ethics, biomedical: privacy and medicine private language (Stewart Candlish and George Wrisley) probabilities, imprecise (Seamus Bradley) probabilities, indeterminate — see probabilities, imprecise probability, in medieval and Renaissance philosophy (Rudolf Schuessler) probability, interpretations of (Alan Hájek) probability and logic — see logic: and probability process philosophy (Johanna Seibt) process theism (Donald Viney) Proclus (Christoph Helmig and Carlos Steel) procreation — see parenthood and procreation Prodicus — see Sophists, The progress (Margaret Meek Lange) promises (Allen Habib) proof theory development of (Jan von Plato) development of (Jan von Plato) properties (Chris Swoyer and Francesco Orilia) emergent — see emergent properties essential vs. accidental — see essential vs. accidental properties emergent — see emergent properties essential vs. accidental — see essential vs. accidental properties property intellectual (Adam Moore and Ken Himma) intellectual (Adam Moore and Ken Himma) property and ownership (Jeremy Waldron) prophecy (Scott A. Davison) propositional attitude reports (Thomas McKay and Michael Nelson) propositional consequence relations in algebraic logic — see logical consequence: propositional consequence relations and algebraic logic propositional function (Edwin Mares) propositions (Matthew McGrath) singular (Greg Fitch and Michael Nelson) structured (Jeffrey C. King) singular (Greg Fitch and Michael Nelson) structured (Jeffrey C. King) providence, divine (Hugh J. McCann) Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (Kevin Corrigan and L. Michael Harrington) pseudo-science, science and — see science: and pseudo-science psyche — see soul, ancient theories of psychiatry, philosophy of (Dominic Murphy) psychologism (Martin Kusch) psychology evolutionary (Stephen M. Downes) evolutionary (Stephen M. Downes) public health ethics (Ruth Faden and Sirine Shebaya) ethics (Ruth Faden and Sirine Shebaya) publicity (Axel Gosseries) public reason (Jonathan Quong) Pufendorf, Samuel Freiherr von moral and political philosophy (Michael Seidler) moral and political philosophy (Michael Seidler) punishment (Hugo Adam Bedau and Erin Kelly) punishment, legal (Antony Duff) Pyrrho (Richard Bett) Pyrrhonism — see skepticism: ancient Pythagoras (Carl Huffman) Pythagoreanism (Carl Huffman) Q [jump to top] qualia (Michael Tye) inverted (Alex Byrne) knowledge argument (Martine Nida-Rümelin) inverted (Alex Byrne) knowledge argument (Martine Nida-Rümelin) qualiton — see tropes quantifiers and quantification (Gabriel Uzquiano) quantum mechanics (Jenann Ismael) action at a distance in (Joseph Berkovitz) Bell's Theorem — see Bell's Theorem Bohmian mechanics (Sheldon Goldstein) collapse theories (Giancarlo Ghirardi) consistent histories approach (Robert B. Griffiths) Copenhagen interpretation of (Jan Faye) Everett's relative-state formulation of (Jeffrey Barrett) Kochen-Specker theorem (Carsten Held) many-worlds interpretation of (Lev Vaidman) modal interpretations of (Olimpia Lombardi and Dennis Dieks) relational (Federico Laudisa and Carlo Rovelli) the role of decoherence in (Guido Bacciagaluppi) action at a distance in (Joseph Berkovitz) Bell's Theorem — see Bell's Theorem Bohmian mechanics (Sheldon Goldstein) collapse theories (Giancarlo Ghirardi) consistent histories approach (Robert B. Griffiths) Copenhagen interpretation of (Jan Faye) Everett's relative-state formulation of (Jeffrey Barrett) Kochen-Specker theorem (Carsten Held) many-worlds interpretation of (Lev Vaidman) modal interpretations of (Olimpia Lombardi and Dennis Dieks) relational (Federico Laudisa and Carlo Rovelli) the role of decoherence in (Guido Bacciagaluppi) quantum theory and consciousness (Harald Atmanspacher) the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen argument in (Arthur Fine) identity and individuality in (Steven French) measurement in (Henry Krips) quantum computing (Amit Hagar and Michael Cuffaro) quantum entanglement and information (Jeffrey Bub) quantum field theory (Meinard Kuhlmann) quantum gravity (Steven Weinstein and Dean Rickles) quantum logic and probability theory (Alexander Wilce) uncertainty principle in — see Uncertainty Principle von Neumann vs. Dirac (Fred Kronz and Tracy Lupher) and consciousness (Harald Atmanspacher) the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen argument in (Arthur Fine) identity and individuality in (Steven French) measurement in (Henry Krips) quantum computing (Amit Hagar and Michael Cuffaro) quantum entanglement and information (Jeffrey Bub) quantum field theory (Meinard Kuhlmann) quantum gravity (Steven Weinstein and Dean Rickles) quantum logic and probability theory (Alexander Wilce) uncertainty principle in — see Uncertainty Principle von Neumann vs. Dirac (Fred Kronz and Tracy Lupher) questions (Charles Cross and Floris Roelofsen) Quine, Willard van Orman (Peter Hylton) New Foundations (Thomas Forster) New Foundations (Thomas Forster) quotation (Herman Cappelen and Ernest Lepore) R [jump to top] race (Michael James) Ramsay, Allan — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century Ramus, Petrus (Erland Sellberg) Rand, Ayn (Neera K. Badhwar and Roderick T. Long) randomness versus chance — see chance: versus randomness versus chance — see chance: versus randomness rational choice, normative expected utility (Rachael Briggs) expected utility (Rachael Briggs) rationalism vs. empiricism (Peter Markie) rationality Bayesian — see epistemology: Bayesian epistemic foundations of game theory — see game theory: epistemic foundations of historicist theories of (Carl Matheson and Justin Dallmann) instrumental (Niko Kolodny and John Brunero) Bayesian — see epistemology: Bayesian epistemic foundations of game theory — see game theory: epistemic foundations of historicist theories of (Carl Matheson and Justin Dallmann) instrumental (Niko Kolodny and John Brunero) Rawls, John (Leif Wenar) realism (Alexander Miller) challenges to metaphysical (Drew Khlentzos) moral — see moral realism political, in international relations — see political realism: in international relations scientific — see scientific realism structural — see structural realism challenges to metaphysical (Drew Khlentzos) moral — see moral realism political, in international relations — see political realism: in international relations scientific — see scientific realism structural — see structural realism reasoning automated (Frederic Portoraro) by analogy — see analogy and analogical reasoning defeasible (Robert Koons) moral (Henry S. Richardson) automated (Frederic Portoraro) by analogy — see analogy and analogical reasoning defeasible (Robert Koons) moral (Henry S. Richardson) reasons for action agent-neutral vs. agent-relative (Michael Ridge) internal vs. external (Stephen Finlay and Mark Schroeder) justification vs. explanation (James Lenman) agent-neutral vs. agent-relative (Michael Ridge) internal vs. external (Stephen Finlay and Mark Schroeder) justification vs. explanation (James Lenman) recognition (Mattias Iser) reconciliation (Linda Radzik and Colleen Murphy) recursive function — see function: recursive redistribution (Christian Barry) reduction, scientific (Raphael van Riel and Robert Van Gulick) in biology (Ingo Brigandt and Alan Love) in physics — see physics: intertheory relations in in biology (Ingo Brigandt and Alan Love) in physics — see physics: intertheory relations in reference (Marga Reimer and Eliot Michaelson) reflective equilibrium (Norman Daniels) Regius, Henricus (Desmond Clarke) Rehberg, August Wilhelm (Fred Beiser) Reichenbach, Hans (Clark Glymour and Frederick Eberhardt) Reid, Thomas (Ryan Nichols and Gideon Yaffe) ethics (Terence Cuneo) on memory and personal identity (Rebecca Copenhaver) ethics (Terence Cuneo) on memory and personal identity (Rebecca Copenhaver) Reinach, Adolf (James DuBois and Barry Smith) Reinhold, Karl Leonhard (Dan Breazeale) reism (Jan Woleński) relations — see properties medieval theories of (Jeffrey Brower) medieval theories of (Jeffrey Brower) relativism (Chris Swoyer) moral — see moral relativism moral — see moral relativism relaton — see tropes reliabilism (Alvin Goldman) religion epistemology of (Peter Forrest) feminist philosophy of — see feminist (interventions): philosophy of religion and morality (John Hare) philosophy of (Charles Taliaferro) and science (Alvin Plantinga) epistemology of (Peter Forrest) feminist philosophy of — see feminist (interventions): philosophy of religion and morality (John Hare) philosophy of (Charles Taliaferro) and science (Alvin Plantinga) religion, phenomenology of (Mark Wynn) religion and political theory (Chris Eberle and Terence Cuneo) religious diversity (David Basinger) religious experience (Mark Webb) reparations, Black (Bernard Boxill) replication and reproduction (John S. Wilkins and David Hull) representation, political (Suzanne Dovi) republicanism (Frank Lovett) repugnant conclusion, the (Gustaf Arrhenius, Jesper Ryberg, and Torbjörn Tännsjö) respect (Robin S. Dillon) responsibility collective (Marion Smiley) collective (Marion Smiley) retributive justice — see justice: retributive Richard the Sophister [ Ricardus Sophista, Magister abstractionum ] (Paul Streveler) Rickert, Heinrich (Andrea Staiti) Ricoeur, Paul (Bernard Dauenhauer and David Pellauer) rights (Leif Wenar) of children (David William Archard) civil — see civil rights group (Peter Jones) human (James Nickel) legal — see legal rights of children (David William Archard) civil — see civil rights group (Peter Jones) human (James Nickel) legal — see legal rights rigid designators (Joseph LaPorte) risk (Sven Ove Hansson) role obligations — see obligations: special Rorty, Richard (Bjørn Ramberg) Rosenstock-Huessy, Eugen (Wayne Cristaudo) Rosenzweig, Franz (Benjamin Pollock) Rosmini, Antonio (Denis Cleary) Ross, William David (Anthony Skelton) Rousseau, Jean Jacques (Christopher Bertram) Royce, Josiah (Kelly A. Parker) Rufus, Richard — see Richard the Sophister rule consequentialism — see consequentialism: rule Russell, Bertrand (Andrew David Irvine) logical atomism — see logical atomism: Russell's moral philosophy (Charles Pigden) logical atomism — see logical atomism: Russell's moral philosophy (Charles Pigden) Russell's paradox (Andrew David Irvine and Harry Deutsch) Ryle, Gilbert (Julia Tanney) S [jump to top] Saadya [Saadiah] (Sarah Pessin) Śāntarakṣita (James Blumenthal) sale of human organs (Stephen Wilkinson) Santayana, George (Herman Saatkamp and Martin Coleman) Sartre, Jean-Paul (Thomas Flynn) scepticism — see skepticism Scheler, Max (Zachary Davis and Anthony Steinbock) Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von (Andrew Bowie) schema (John Corcoran) Schlegel, August Wilhelm von (Katia D. Hay) Schlegel, Friedrich (Allen Speight) Schleiermacher, Friedrich Daniel Ernst (Michael Forster) Schlick, Moritz (Thomas Oberdan) Schmitt, Carl (Lars Vinx) Scholem, Gershom (Shaul Magid) School of Names (Chris Fraser) Schopenhauer, Arthur (Robert Wicks) aesthetics (Sandra Shapshay) aesthetics (Sandra Shapshay) Schutz, Alfred (Michael Barber) science models in — see models in science and pseudo-science (Sven Ove Hansson) theory and observation in (Jim Bogen) unity of (Jordi Cat) models in — see models in science and pseudo-science (Sven Ove Hansson) theory and observation in (Jim Bogen) unity of (Jordi Cat) scientific discovery (Jutta Schickore) scientific explanation (James Woodward) scientific knowledge social dimensions of (Helen Longino) social dimensions of (Helen Longino) scientific objectivity (Julian Reiss and Jan Sprenger) scientific progress (Ilkka Niiniluoto) scientific realism (Anjan Chakravartty) scientific revolutions (Thomas Nickles) scientific theories incommensurability of — see incommensurability: of scientific theories structure of (Rasmus Grønfeldt Winther) underdetermination of — see underdetermination, of scientific theories incommensurability of — see incommensurability: of scientific theories structure of (Rasmus Grønfeldt Winther) underdetermination of — see underdetermination, of scientific theories Scottish Philosophy in the 18th Century (Alexander Broadie) in the 19th century (Gordon Graham) in the 18th Century (Alexander Broadie) in the 19th century (Gordon Graham) Scottus [Scotus] Eriugena [Erigena], John — see Eriugena, John Scottus Scotus, John Duns — see Duns Scotus, John Scudéry, Madeleine de (John Conley) search engines and ethics (Herman Tavani) Sebond, Raymond — see Montaigne, Michel de secession (Allen Buchanan) self the biological notion of (Alfred Tauber) feminist perspectives on the — see feminist (topics): perspectives on the self knowledge — see self-knowledge the biological notion of (Alfred Tauber) feminist perspectives on the — see feminist (topics): perspectives on the self knowledge — see self-knowledge self-consciousness phenomenological approaches to (Shaun Gallagher and Dan Zahavi) phenomenological approaches to (Shaun Gallagher and Dan Zahavi) self-deception (Ian Deweese-Boyd) self-knowledge (Brie Gertler) and externalism — see externalism: and self-knowledge and externalism — see externalism: and self-knowledge self-reference (Thomas Bolander) self-respect — see respect Sellars, Wilfrid (Willem deVries) semantic holism — see meaning holism semantics defaults in — see defaults in semantics and pragmatics dynamic (Jan van Eijck and Albert Visser) Montague (Theo M. V. Janssen) proof-theoretic (Peter Schroeder-Heister) two-dimensional (Laura Schroeter) defaults in — see defaults in semantics and pragmatics dynamic (Jan van Eijck and Albert Visser) Montague (Theo M. V. Janssen) proof-theoretic (Peter Schroeder-Heister) two-dimensional (Laura Schroeter) semiotics medieval (Stephan Meier-Oeser) medieval (Stephan Meier-Oeser) Seneca (Katja Vogt) sense-data (Michael Huemer) sensibility theory — see fitting attitude theories of value sentimentalism, moral — see moral sentimentalism set theory (Joan Bagaria) alternative axiomatic theories (M. Randall Holmes) constructive and Intuitionistic ZF (Laura Crosilla) continuum hypothesis (Peter Koellner) early development (José Ferreirós) independence and large cardinals (Peter Koellner) large cardinals and determinacy (Peter Koellner) non-wellfounded (Lawrence S. Moss) Zermelo's axiomatization of (Michael Hallett) alternative axiomatic theories (M. Randall Holmes) constructive and Intuitionistic ZF (Laura Crosilla) continuum hypothesis (Peter Koellner) early development (José Ferreirós) independence and large cardinals (Peter Koellner) large cardinals and determinacy (Peter Koellner) non-wellfounded (Lawrence S. Moss) Zermelo's axiomatization of (Michael Hallett) Sextus Empiricus (Benjamin Morison) Shaftesbury, Lord [Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of] (Michael B. Gill) theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of Sharpe, Johannes (Alessandro Conti) Sidgwick, Henry (Barton Schultz) Simon of Faversham (John Longeway) simplicity (Alan Baker) divine (William F. Vallicella) divine (William F. Vallicella) Simpson's paradox (Gary Malinas and John Bigelow) simulations in science (Eric Winsberg) singular terms medieval theories of (E. Jennifer Ashworth) medieval theories of (E. Jennifer Ashworth) situations in natural language semantics (Angelika Kratzer) in natural language semantics (Angelika Kratzer) skeptical theism (Trent Dougherty) skepticism (Peter Klein) ancient (Katja Vogt) and content externalism (Tony Brueckner) medieval (Charles Bolyard) moral — see moral skepticism ancient (Katja Vogt) and content externalism (Tony Brueckner) medieval (Charles Bolyard) moral — see moral skepticism Skolem's paradox — see paradox: Skolem's Smith, Adam — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century moral and political philosophy (Samuel Fleischacker) moral and political philosophy (Samuel Fleischacker) Smith, John — see Cambridge Platonists social choice theory (Christian List) social construction naturalistic approaches to (Ron Mallon) naturalistic approaches to (Ron Mallon) social contract — see contractarianism contemporary approaches to (Fred D'Agostino, Gerald Gaus, and John Thrasher) contemporary approaches to (Fred D'Agostino, Gerald Gaus, and John Thrasher) social epistemology — see epistemology: social social institutions (Seumas Miller) social minimum [basic income] (Stuart White) social networking and ethics (Shannon Vallor) social norms (Cristina Bicchieri and Ryan Muldoon) social procedures, formal approaches (Jan van Eijck and Rineke (L.C.) Verbrugge) sociobiology (Catherine Driscoll) Socrates (Debra Nails) sophismata [= sophisms] (Fabienne Pironet and Joke Spruyt) Sophists, The (C.C.W. Taylor and Mi-Kyoung Lee) Sorites paradox (Dominic Hyde) sortals (Richard E. Grandy) soul, ancient theories of (Hendrik Lorenz) sounds (Roberto Casati and Jerome Dokic) sovereignty (Dan Philpott) space and time absolute and relational theories of space and motion (Nick Huggett and Carl Hoefer) being and becoming in modern physics (Steven Savitt) conventionality of simultaneity (Allen Janis) the hole argument (John D. Norton) inertial frames (Robert DiSalle) singularities and black holes (Erik Curiel and Peter Bokulich) supertasks (Jon Pérez Laraudogoitia) absolute and relational theories of space and motion (Nick Huggett and Carl Hoefer) being and becoming in modern physics (Steven Savitt) conventionality of simultaneity (Allen Janis) the hole argument (John D. Norton) inertial frames (Robert DiSalle) singularities and black holes (Erik Curiel and Peter Bokulich) supertasks (Jon Pérez Laraudogoitia) species (Marc Ereshefsky) speech acts (Mitchell Green) Spencer, Herbert (David Weinstein) Speusippus (Russell Dancy) Spinoza, Baruch (Steven Nadler) modal metaphysics (Samuel Newlands) physical theory (Richard Manning) political philosophy (Justin Steinberg) psychological theory (Michael LeBuffe) theory of attributes (Noa Shein) theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of modal metaphysics (Samuel Newlands) physical theory (Richard Manning) political philosophy (Justin Steinberg) psychological theory (Michael LeBuffe) theory of attributes (Noa Shein) theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of square of opposition (Terence Parsons) St. Petersburg paradox (Robert Martin) states of affairs (Mark Textor) statistical physics Boltzmann's work in (Jos Uffink) philosophy of statistical mechanics (Lawrence Sklar) Boltzmann's work in (Jos Uffink) philosophy of statistical mechanics (Lawrence Sklar) statistics, philosophy of (Jan-Willem Romeijn) stem cell research, ethics of — see ethics, biomedical: stem cell research Sterry, Peter — see Cambridge Platonists Stevenson, Charles Leslie (Daniel R. Boisvert) Stewart, Dugald — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century Stirner, Max (David Leopold) Stoicism (Dirk Baltzly) Strauss, Leo (Leora Batnitzky) Strawson, Peter Frederick (Paul Snowdon) structuralism in physics — see physics: structuralism in in physics — see physics: structuralism in structural realism (James Ladyman) Stumpf, Carl (Denis Fisette) style in mathematics (Paolo Mancosu) in mathematics (Paolo Mancosu) Suárez, Francisco (Christopher Shields and Daniel Schwartz) substance (Howard Robinson) substructural logics — see logic: substructural Suhrawardi (Roxanne Marcotte) suicide (Michael Cholbi) supererogation (David Heyd) supervenience (Brian McLaughlin and Karen Bennett) surrogate decision-making for incompetent individuals — see advance directives suspense, paradox of (Aaron Smuts) syllogism medieval theories of (Henrik Lagerlund) medieval theories of (Henrik Lagerlund) symmetry and symmetry breaking — see physics: symmetry and symmetry breaking synthetic — see analytic/synthetic distinction Syrianus (Christian Wildberg) T [jump to top] Taoism — see Daoism Neo-Taoism — see Neo-Daoism Neo-Taoism — see Neo-Daoism Tarski, Alfred (Mario Gómez-Torrente) truth definitions (Wilfrid Hodges) truth definitions (Wilfrid Hodges) techne — see episteme and techne technology, philosophy of (Maarten Franssen, Gert-Jan Lokhorst, and Ibo van de Poel) teleology teleological arguments for God's existence (Del Ratzsch and Jeffrey Koperski) teleological notions in biology (Colin Allen) teleological theories of mental content — see mental content: teleological theories of teleological arguments for God's existence (Del Ratzsch and Jeffrey Koperski) teleological notions in biology (Colin Allen) teleological theories of mental content — see mental content: teleological theories of Telesio, Bernardino (Michaela Boenke) temporal consciousness — see consciousness: temporal temporal parts (Katherine Hawley) tense and aspect (Friedrich Hamm and Oliver Bott) terms, properties of medieval theories of (Stephen Read) medieval theories of (Stephen Read) terrorism (Igor Primoratz) testimony epistemological problems of (Jonathan Adler) epistemological problems of (Jonathan Adler) theism atheism and agnosticism — see atheism and agnosticism monotheism — see monotheism panentheism — see panentheism pantheism — see pantheism process — see process theism skeptical — see skeptical theism atheism and agnosticism — see atheism and agnosticism monotheism — see monotheism panentheism — see panentheism pantheism — see pantheism process — see process theism skeptical — see skeptical theism Theology of Aristotle (Peter Adamson) theoretical terms in science (Holger Andreas) Thomas of Erfurt (Jack Zupko) Thoreau, Henry David (Rick Anthony Furtak) thought, associationist theories of — see associationist theories of thought thought experiments (James Robert Brown and Yiftach Fehige) Thrasymachus — see Plato: Callicles and Thrasymachus Tibbon, Samuel Ibn (James T. Robinson) Tibetan epistemology and philosophy of language (Pascale Hugon) time (Ned Markosian) being and becoming in modern physics — see space and time: being and becoming in modern physics the experience and perception of (Robin Le Poidevin) thermodynamic asymmetry in (Craig Callender) being and becoming in modern physics — see space and time: being and becoming in modern physics the experience and perception of (Robin Le Poidevin) thermodynamic asymmetry in (Craig Callender) time machines (John Earman and Christian Wüthrich) time travel (Nicholas J.J. Smith) and modern physics (Frank Arntzenius and Tim Maudlin) and modern physics (Frank Arntzenius and Tim Maudlin) Timon of Phlius (Richard Bett) toleration (Rainer Forst) tort law, theories of (Jules Coleman and Gabriel Mendlow) torture (Seumas Miller) transcendental arguments (Robert Stern) Kant — see Kant, Immanuel: transcendental arguments Kant — see Kant, Immanuel: transcendental arguments transcendentalism (Russell Goodman) transcendentals, medieval theories of (Wouter Goris and Jan Aertsen) trans issues, feminist perspectives on — see feminist (topics): perspectives on trans issues transmission of justification and warrant (Luca Moretti and Tommaso Piazza) transworld identity — see identity: transworld trinity (Dale Tuggy) tropes (Anna-Sofia Maurin) trust (Carolyn McLeod) truth (Michael Glanzberg) axiomatic theories of (Volker Halbach and Graham E. Leigh) coherence theory of (James O. Young) correspondence theory of (Marian David) deflationary theory of (Daniel Stoljar and Nic Damnjanovic) identity theory of (Richard Gaskin) pluralist theories of (Nikolaj Jang Lee Linding Pedersen and Cory Wright) revision theory of (Philip Kremer) Tarski's theory of truth — see Tarski, Alfred: truth definitions axiomatic theories of (Volker Halbach and Graham E. Leigh) coherence theory of (James O. Young) correspondence theory of (Marian David) deflationary theory of (Daniel Stoljar and Nic Damnjanovic) identity theory of (Richard Gaskin) pluralist theories of (Nikolaj Jang Lee Linding Pedersen and Cory Wright) revision theory of (Philip Kremer) Tarski's theory of truth — see Tarski, Alfred: truth definitions truthlikeness (Graham Oddie) truthmakers (Fraser MacBride) truth values (Yaroslav Shramko and Heinrich Wansing) Tsongkhapa (Gareth Sparham) Turing, Alan (Andrew Hodges) Turing machines (David Barker-Plummer) Turing test (Graham Oppy and David Dowe) Turnbull, George — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century Twardowski, Kazimierz (Arianna Betti) two truths in India, theory of (Sonam Thakchoe) two truths in Tibet, theory of (Sonam Thakchoe) types and tokens (Linda Wetzel) type theory (Thierry Coquand) Church's type theory (Peter Andrews) Church's type theory (Peter Andrews) U [jump to top] Umar Khayyam (Mehdi Aminrazavi and Glen Van Brummelen) Uncertainty Principle (Jan Hilgevoord and Jos Uffink) underdetermination, of scientific theories (Kyle Stanford) unity of science — see science: unity of universal hylomorphism — see binarium famosissimum universals — see properties the medieval problem of (Gyula Klima) the medieval problem of (Gyula Klima) utilitarianism — see consequentialism history of (Julia Driver) rule — see consequentialism: rule history of (Julia Driver) rule — see consequentialism: rule V [jump to top] vagueness (Roy Sorensen) vagueness of composition — see many, problem of validity — see logical truth Valla, Lorenzo (Lodi Nauta) value incommensurable (Nien-hê Hsieh) intrinsic vs. extrinsic (Michael J. Zimmerman) of knowledge — see knowledge, value of pluralism (Elinor Mason) incommensurable (Nien-hê Hsieh) intrinsic vs. extrinsic (Michael J. Zimmerman) of knowledge — see knowledge, value of pluralism (Elinor Mason) value theory (Mark Schroeder) Vasubandhu (Jonathan C. Gold) veil of ignorance — see original position verbs, intensional transitive — see intensional transitive verbs verisimilitude — see truthlikeness Vico, Giambattista (Timothy Costelloe) Vienna Circle (Thomas Uebel) virtue ancient theories of — see ethics: ancient ancient theories of — see ethics: ancient virtue ethics — see ethics: virtue Viterbo, James of — see James of Viterbo Vives, Juan Luis (Lorenzo Casini) volition — see free will Voltaire (J.B. Shank) voluntarism, theological (Mark Murphy) voting methods (Eric Pacuit) methods (Eric Pacuit) W [jump to top] Wang Yangming (Bryan Van Norden) war (Brian Orend) Ward, James (Pierfrancesco Basile) warrant, transmission of — see transmission of justification and warrant Watsuji Tetsurô (Robert Carter and Erin McCarthy) weakness of will (Sarah Stroud) Weber, Max (Sung Ho Kim) well-being (Roger Crisp) Weyl, Hermann (John L. Bell and Herbert Korté) Whewell, William (Laura J. Snyder) Whichcote, Benjamin — see Cambridge Platonists Whitehead, Alfred North (Andrew David Irvine) William of Auvergne (Neil Lewis) William of Champeaux (Kevin Guilfoy) William of Ockham — see Ockham, William Williams, Bernard (Sophie Grace Chappell) Williams, Donald Cary (Keith Campbell, James Franklin, and Douglas Ehring) Wilson, John Cook (Mathieu Marion) wisdom (Sharon Ryan) Wittgenstein, Ludwig (Anat Biletzki and Anat Matar) aesthetics (Garry Hagberg) logical atomism (Ian Proops) philosophy of mathematics (Victor Rodych) aesthetics (Garry Hagberg) logical atomism (Ian Proops) philosophy of mathematics (Victor Rodych) Wodeham, Adam de (John T. Slotemaker and Jeffrey C. Witt) Wolff, Christian (Matt Hettche) Wollstonecraft, Mary (Sylvana Tomaselli) word meaning — see meaning: of words world government (Catherine Lu) worlds impossible — see impossible worlds possible — see possible worlds impossible — see impossible worlds possible — see possible worlds Wright, Chauncey (Jean De Groot) Wundt, Wilhelm Maximilian (Alan Kim) Wyclif, John (Alessandro Conti) political Philosophy (Stephen Lahey) political Philosophy (Stephen Lahey) X [jump to top] Xenocrates (Russell Dancy) Xenophanes (James Lesher) Xunzi (Dan Robins) Y [jump to top] Yorck von Wartenburg, Count Paul (Ingo Farin) Z [jump to top] Zabarella, Giacomo (Heikki Mikkeli) Zeno of Elea (John Palmer) Zeno's paradoxes (Nick Huggett) Zeno's paradoxes (Nick Huggett) Zermelo, Ernst axiomatization of set theory — see set theory: Zermelo's axiomatization of axiomatization of set theory — see set theory: Zermelo's axiomatization of Zhuangzi (Chad Hansen) zombies (Robert Kirk) Table of Contents New in this Archive Editorial Information Editorial Board How to Cite the SEP Special Characters Support the SEP PDFs for SEP Friends Make a Donation SEPIA for Libraries View this site from another server: Australia SETIS, University of Sydney Netherlands ILLC, University of Amsterdam The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy is copyright © 2015 by The Metaphysics Research Lab , Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI), Stanford University Library of Congress Catalog Data: ISSN 1095-5054